Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures.

Boundary extension is the tendency to remember having seen a greater expanse of a scene than was shown. Four experiments tested whether a picture must depict a partial view of a scene for the distortion to occur. The premise was that partial views activate a perceptual schema, a representation of the expected scene structure outside the view. Participants were 473 undergraduates. Experiments 1 and 2 tested recognition memory and recall of 16 outline-objects presented in outline-scenes versus presentation on blank backgrounds. Experiments 3 and 4 compared memory for outline-objects when scene context was or was not imagined. Boundary errors consistent with the perceptual schema hypothesis only occurred for partial views (perceived or imagined). Results suggest that scene perception and imagination activate the same schematic representation.