| Literature DB >> 31435108 |
Anderson Freitas1, Lucas S Ramos2, Érgon Lab Dantas2, Vincenzo Giordano Neto3, Patrick F Godinho1, Antônio C Shimano4.
Abstract
Objective This study aims to evaluate, through biomechanical tests, the resistance and energy required for proximal femoral fracture in synthetic bones after removing cannulated screws shaped as an inverted triangle, comparing the obtained results to those of a reinforcement technique with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as bone cement. Methods Twenty synthetic bones were used: 10 units for the control group (CG), 5 units for the test group without reinforcement (TGW/O), and 5 units for the test group using a reinforcement technique with PMMA (TGW). The biomechanical analysis simulated a fall on the large trochanter using a servo-hydraulic machine. Results All TGW/O and CG specimens had a basicervical fracture. Three TGW specimens presented a basicervical fracture, and two suffered a fracture near the fixation point of the device (femoral diaphyseal region), with one of them being associated with a femoral neck fracture. A mean PMMA volume of 8.2 mL was used to fill the 3 screw holes in the TGW group. According to the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey multiple comparisons tests at a 5% level, the TGW presented a statistically significant difference when compared with the other groups in all parameters: maximal load ( p = 0.001) and energy until fracture ( p = 0.0001). Conclusion The simple removal of the cannulated screws did not reduce significantly the maximum load and energy for fracture occurrence, but the proximal femoral reinforcement with PMMA significantly increased these parameters, modifying the fracture pattern.Entities:
Keywords: femoral fractures; hip fractures; osteoporosis; polymethylmethacrylate
Year: 2019 PMID: 31435108 PMCID: PMC6701975 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693046
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1Femurs radiographed after polymethylmethacrylate filling (left) and with no reinforcement (right).
Fig. 2Synthetic bone before the mechanical test.
Fig. 3Synthetic bone after the mechanical test. A basicervical fracture is noted in this specimen.
Fig. 4Synthetic specimens with the neck and diaphysis fracture (above) and diaphysis fracture (below) after the mechanical test.
Fig. 5Mean maximum load and 95% confidence interval (CI).
Fig. 6Mean energy until fracture and 95% confidence interval (CI).
Comparison of flow load, energy until flow, energy until fracture and stiffness per statistical analyses; 95% confidence interval, 95% confidence interval for the mean value
| Variable | n | Mean value | 95% CI for the mean value | Minimum value | Maximum value |
|
Significant difference
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flow load (N) | |||||||
| CG | 10 | 697 | 559–835 | 316 | 1,010 | Control ≠ PMMA | |
| TGW/O | 5 | 665 | 480–851 | 376 | 860 | 0.029 | No PMMA ≠ PMMA |
| TGW | 5 | 999 | 865–1,133 | 813 | 1,215 | ||
| Energy until flow (mm) | |||||||
| CG | 10 | 7.7 | 7.0–8.4 | 5.3 | 9.5 | ||
| TGW/O | 5 | 7.2 | 6.5–7.8 | 6.1 | 8.1 | 0.55 | |
| TGW | 5 | 7.7 | 7.1–84 | 6.7 | 8.4 | ||
| Energy up to the flow (J) | |||||||
| CG | 10 | 2.8 | 2.2–3.4 | 0.9 | 3.8 | ||
| TGW/O | 5 | 2.4 | 1.6–3.2 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 0.044 | No PMMA ≠ PMMA |
| TGW | 5 | 3.8 | 3.3–4.4 | 3.1 | 4.5 | ||
| Stiffness (N/mm) | |||||||
| CG | 10 | 90 | 73–107 | 60 | 138 | ||
| TGW/O | 5 | 93 | 69–116 | 62 | 123 | 0.035 | Control ≠ PMMA |
| TGW | 5 | 130 | 108–152 | 103 | 166 | ||
Abbreviations: CG, control group; CI, confidence interval; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; TGW, test group with; TGW/O, test group without.
One-way ANOVA.
Statistically significant differences at the 5% level according to Tukey's multiple comparison test.
Comparison between the variable maximum load and energy until fracture per statistical analyses
| Variable | n | Mean value | 95% CI for the mean value | Minimum value | Maximum value |
|
Significant difference
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum load (N) | |||||||
| CG | 10 | 935 | 755–1,115 | 555 | 1,399 | 0.001 | Control ≠ PMMA |
| TGW/O | 5 | 886 | 661–1,111 | 541 | 1,154 | No PMMA ≠ PMMA | |
| TGW | 5 | 1,565 | 1,282–1,847 | 1295 | 2,118 | ||
| Energy until fracture (J) | |||||||
| CG | 10 | 7.1 | 5.5–8.6 | 4.4 | 10.4 | < 0.0001 | Control ≠ PMMA |
| TGW/O | 6.6 | 4.2–9.1 | 3.6 | 10.4 | 3.3 | – | No PMMA ≠ PMMA |
| TGW | 5 | 16.2 | 12.6–19.8 | 11.0 | 22.0 | – | |
Abbreviations: CG, control group; CI, confidence interval; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; TGW, test group with; TGW/O, test group without.
One-way ANOVA.
Statistically significant differences at the 5% level according to Tukey multiple comparison test.
Fig. 1Radiografia dos fêmures após preenchimento com polimetilmetacrilato (esquerda) e sem reforço (direita).
Fig. 2Osso sintético antes da realização do teste mecânico.
Fig. 3Osso sintético após a realização do teste mecânico. Observa-se fratura basocervical de espécime.
Fig. 4Espécimes sintéticos com fratura do colo e da diáfise (superior) e da diáfise (inferior) após teste mecânico.
Fig. 5Gráfico da média de carga máxima e intervalo de confiança de 95% entre os grupos estudados.
Fig. 6Gráfico da médica de energia até a fratura e intervalo de confiança de 95% entre os grupos estudados.
Comparativo entre as variáveis carga de escoamento; deslocamento até o escoamento; energia até o escoamento e rigidez quando aplicados os testes estatísticos
| Variável |
| Média | IC 95% p/ média | Mínimo | Máximo |
Valor-
|
≠ significativa
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| GC | 10 | 697 | 559–835 | 316 | 1.010 | Co ≠ cC | |
| GTS | 5 | 665 | 480–851 | 376 | 860 |
| sC ≠ cC |
| GTC | 5 | 999 | 865–1133 | 813 | 1.215 | ||
|
| |||||||
| GC | 10 | 7,7 | 7,0–8,4 | 5,3 | 9,5 | ||
| GTS | 5 | 7,2 | 6,5–7,8 | 6,1 | 8,1 | 0,55 | |
| GTC | 5 | 7,7 | 7,1–84 | 6,7 | 8,4 | ||
|
| |||||||
| GC | 10 | 2,8 | 2,2–3,4 | 0,9 | 3,8 | ||
| GTS | 5 | 2,4 | 1,6–3,2 | 1,1 | 3,3 |
| sC ≠ cC |
| GTC | 5 | 3,8 | 3,3–4,4 | 3,1 | 4,5 | ||
|
| |||||||
| GC | 10 | 90 | 73–107 | 60 | 138 | ||
| GTS | 5 | 93 | 69–116 | 62 | 123 |
| Co ≠ cC |
| GTC | 5 | 130 | 108–152 | 103 | 166 | ||
Abreviações: GC, grupo controle; GTC, grupo controle com esforço; GTS, grupo controle sem esforço; IC 95%, intervalo de confiança de 95%.
ANOVA para um fator.
Diferenças significativas, ao nível de 5%, segundo o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey.
Comparativo entre as varíaveis carga máxima e energia até a fratura quando aplicados os testes estatísticos
| Variável |
| Média | IC 95% p/ média | Mínimo | Máximo |
Valor-
| ≠ significativa b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| GC | 10 | 935 | 755–1115 | 555 | 1.399 |
| Co ≠ cC |
| GTS | 5 | 886 | 661–1111 | 541 | 1.154 | sC ≠ cC | |
| GTC | 5 | 1.565 | 1282–1847 | 1.295 | 2.118 | ||
|
| |||||||
| GC | 10 | 7,1 | 5,5–8,6 | 4,4 | 10,4 |
| Co ≠ cC |
| GTS | 5 | 6,6 | 4,2–9,1 | 3,6 | 10,4 | – | sC ≠ cC |
| GTC | 5 | 16,2 | 12,6–19,8 | 11,0 | 22,0 | – | |
Abreviações: GC, grupo controle; GTC, grupo controle com esforço, GTS, grupo controle sem esforço, IC 95%, intervalo de confiança de 95%.