Keeping up appearances: the radiographic evolution of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices.

In recent years, there has been a significant evolution in the field of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Pacemakers can now be leadless, implantable cardioverter defibrillators can be entirely subcutaneous and implantable loop recorders have become miniaturized. Driven by technological advances and an ageing population implant numbers have also steadily increased. These highly prevalent systems are all radio-opaque and are frequently observed on chest radiographs, yet the devices are neither well recognized nor understood. We present a pictorial review of CIEDs; describing the chest radiograph appearances of both newer generation systems and their traditional predecessors. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical role of chest radiography in both CIED implantation and follow up, with the aim of improving understanding in this important and expanding field. Finally, we present a collection of interesting and challenging radiographs, where multiple CIED systems have been implanted.