Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Insertion in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Retrospective Study and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: With the notable exceptions of dementia, stroke, and motor neuron disease, relatively little is known about the safety and utility of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube insertion in patients with neurodegenerative disease. We aimed to determine the safety and utility of PEG feeding in the context of neurodegenerative disease and to complete a literature review in order to identify whether particular factors need to be considered to improve safety and outcome.
METHODS: A retrospective case note review of patients referred for PEG insertion by neurologists in a single neuroscience center was conducted according to a pre-determined set of standards. For the literature review, we identified references from searches of PubMed, mainly with the search items "percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy" and "neurology" or "neurodegenerative disease."
RESULTS: Short-term mortality and morbidity associated with PEG in patients with neurological disease were significant. Age greater than 75 years was associated with poor outcome, and a trend toward adverse outcome was observed in patients with low serum albumin.
CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the relatively high risk of PEG in patients with neurodegenerative disease. We present points for consideration to improve outcome in this particularly vulnerable group of patients.

INTRODUCTION

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has been a recognized method of administration of long-term enteral feeding since the 1980s [1]. The continuity of feeding and aspiration rates of PEG compare favorably with those of nasogastric feeding [2]. PEG feeding may be considered if nutritional intake is expected to be qualitatively or quantitatively inadequate for a period exceeding 2 to 3 weeks [3], and increases in serum albumin, a marker of nutritional status, have been demonstrated after PEG tube placement [4].

The potential for PEG as a means of artificial enteral nutrition in patients with neurological disease was quickly appreciated [5]. In these circumstances, dysphagia—with consequent risk of airway obstruction, dehydration, weight loss, salivary dribbling, and aspiration pneumonia [4] —is the most common indication for artificial enteral nutrition [6]. The effort of eating and time taken to feed during the day may be considerable, with each mouthful taking 12 to 15 times longer to chew [7]. However, prior to insertion of an enteral feeding tube, the clinical context, diagnosis, prognosis, ethical issues, anticipated effect on quality of life, and the patient’s wishes must be taken into account [2].

Postprocedure morbidity and mortality of PEG tube insertion were reported previously, but few studies examined patients with neurological disease in isolation (Table 1) [2,4,5,7-28]. The overall complication rate after endoscopic placement of an enteral feeding tube is variously reported to be 0% to 57% [8,9]. Local wound infection is the most common early complication (15%) [3], but peristomal abdominal pain, fever, and transient leakage of the stomach contents from the granulating puncture canal may also occur [3]. Long-term complications may include occlusion of and leakage from the tube and site infections [6,10].

Table 1.

Historical Comparison with Selected Series Investigating Safety and Utility of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Insertion

Study	Indication, %	Date of series	Size of series, n	Mean age, yr	Complication rate, %	30-day mortality, %
Loser et al. (1998) [2]	Neurological (42), ENT (28), medical (30)	1991-1995	210	61.3	24	0
Hull et al. (1993) [5]	Cerebrovascular disease (33), MND (27), MS (8), head and neck cancer (16), miscellaneous (16)	1988-1992	49	64	22	2
Rabeneck et al. (1996) [21]	Cerebrovascular disease (19), other organic neurological disease (29), head and neck cancer (16), miscellaneous (36)	1990-1992	7,369	68.1	4	23.5
Sanders et al. (2000) [13]	Oropharyngeal malignancy (18), stroke (33), dementia (29), miscellaneous (20)	1992-1997	361	66.9	29	28
Leeds et al. (2010) [22]	Cognitive impairment (2), stroke (11), oropharyngeal cancer (30), neurological cancer (34), other (23)	2004-2007	233	61.6	NA	10.7
Tominaga et al. (2010) [18]	Malignant disease (27), cerebrovascular disease (32), neurodegenerative disease (23), poor recovery post operation (16), dementia (14)	1998-2007	84	60.3	46	0
Arora et al. (2013) [16]	Malnutrition (18), stroke (20), other neurological indication (20), head and neck cancer (5), dementia (5), head trauma (5), miscellaneous (27)	2006	181,196	71	NA	10.8
Burney et al. (2015) [11]	Head and neck cancer (100)	1997-2010	560	59.6	18	0
Khokhar et al. (2005) [12]	Cerebrovascular disease (96), Parkinson’s disease (3), malignancy (1)	1995-2004	182	NA[a)]	15	0
Luman et al. (2001) [9]	Cerebrovascular disease (60), Parkinson’s and neuromuscular disease (11), nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal malignancy (25), head injury (4)	1995-2000	181	Median 70.5	56	11.5
Janes et al. (2005) [17]	Cerebrovascular disease, nasopharyngeal malignancy, MS, MND (information regarding proportions NA)	2001-2002	112	67.5	33	22
Nicholson et al. (2000) [23]	Cerebrovascular disease (58), other neurological disease (15%), oesophageal obstruction (9), debilitation (18)	1996-1998	168	Median 70	2	10
Zalar et al. (2004) [24]	Cerebrovascular disease (38), dementia (27), dysphagia in the elderly (10), MND & MS (10), neurosurgical disease (6), Parkinson’s disease (3), CNS neoplasia (3), encephalopathy (2)	NA	99	75	32	1
Britton et al. (1997) [7]	MND (38), MS (38), Parkinson’s disorders and related disorders (6), Myotonic dystrophy (6), Miscellaneous (12)	1992-1995	32	49	41	0
Shimizu et al. (2007) [25]	MND (29), Parkinson’s disease (25), MSA (17), miscellaneous (32)	2003-2006	157	NA	9	NA[b)]
James et al. (1998) [10]	Stroke (100)	1991-1995	126	Median 80	50	28
Rio et al. (2010) [26]	MND (100)	1999-2006	21	61.9	33	5
Czell et al. (2013) [19]	MND (100)	NA	26	65	15	4
Spataro et al. (2011) [8]	MND (100)	2000-2007	76	59.5	0	6
Chid et al. (1999) [14]	MND (100)	1993-1998	50	61.7	2	2
Allen et al. (2013) [20]	MND (100)	2009-2012	100	61.7	16	7
Forbes et al. (2004) [27]	MND (100)	1989-1998	142	66.8	NA	25
Mazzini et al. (1995) [4]	MND (100)	1991-1993	31	60.9	NA	NA
Russ et al. (2015) [28]	MND (100)	2010-2013	21	58.9	29	5
ProGas Study Group (2015) [15]	MND (100)	2010-2014	169	64.2	24	3
Current study	Parkinson’s disease and related disorders (32), MS (32), MND (34)	2009-2013	40	61	87.5	8

ENT, ear, nose and throat; MND, motor neuron disease; MS, multiple sclerosis; NA, not available; CNS, central nervous system; MSA, multiple system atrophy.

Range 55 to 86 years;

6-month mortality 6%.

Mortality rates (30-day postprocedure) of between 0% and 28% have been reported [10-13]. Although not all studies have examined PEG placement in the context of neurological disease, some neurological conditions have been associated with adverse outcome; patients for whom the indication for PEG tube insertion was dysphagia secondary to stroke and dementia had 30-day mortality rates of 28% [10,13]. Other predictors of poor outcome include a history of >10% weight loss and forced vital capacity (FVC) <65% of the predicted value [14]. The UK National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death in 2004 estimated that 43% of PEG-related deaths occurred in the first 7 days postprocedure, and aspiration pneumonia was frequently implicated as the cause of death [29]. Since then, standards and recommendations for PEG insertion have been issued by the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN, 2005) [3] and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE guideline 32, 2006) (Table 2) [30].

Table 2.

Published Standards for PEG Insertion

Standard	Guideline
FVC should be recorded for patients with MND patients	ESPEN [3]
Measurement of renal function, glucose, liver function, bone profile, albumin, clotting, and C-reactive protein prior to PEG tube insertion	NICE [30]
Formal assessments of swallow should be undertaken prior to PEG	NICE [30]
Daily review of stoma site following PEG tube insertion	NICE [30]

PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; FVC, forced vital capacity; MND, motor neuron disease; ESPEN, European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism; NICE, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.

Neurodegenerative diseases present challenges to feeding and nutrition that are significantly different from those of trauma or stroke, but have not previously been extensively studied despite increasingly widespread recommendations for early recourse to PEG in these conditions. We therefore assessed PEG tube placement and outcome in patients with neurodegenerative disease through a retrospective case note review in a single neuroscience center in the UK. Our aim was to review clinical practice and identify potential areas for improvement. In the light of our results, we highlight a number of points that might improve patient safety when planning PEG tube placement in patients with neurodegenerative disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective case note review was performed. All consecutive cases referred for PEG tube placement by neurologists between 2009 and 2013 were identified from the database held by the Endoscopy Unit at North Bristol National Health Service (NHS) Trust, a regional neuroscience center in the UK. Those patients in whom the indication for PEG was stroke were excluded. No patients with a diagnosis of dementia were referred.

Medical records were reviewed, and outcomes were measured against a pre-determined set of standards including an assessment of FVC, blood tests (analysis of renal function, glucose, liver function tests, bone profile, albumin, coagulation, and C-reactive protein), formal assessment of swallow, and daily checks of the stoma site post-PEG tube insertion. Length of hospital stay, short-term complications (symptoms or signs within 30 days of PEG), and long-term complications (symptoms or signs more 30 days after PEG tube insertion) were recorded. Major complications were defined as per ESPEN guidelines and included sepsis, perforation, and hemorrhage [3], as well as mortality. Delay in discharge was defined as >3 days.

Statistics were calculated using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant as determined by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test or Fisher exact test.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

Forty-two patients were identified. Two (5%) were excluded because their case records were unavailable (Table 3). All patients had a diagnosis of motor neuron disease (MND), a parkinsonian syndrome (idiopathic Parkinson’s disease [PD] or a Parkinson’s plus syndrome [PD+]), or multiple sclerosis (MS). The patients were evenly distributed between each of these three disease groupings. The mean duration of follow up was 1.65 years (median, 1.4; maximum, 5). In keeping with the natural history, patients with MND had a shorter disease course from onset of disease to PEG (p<0.001). Patients with MS were younger at the time of PEG tube insertion (p<0.0005). Nineteen patients (48%) patients died within the follow-up period. The mean time from PEG tube insertion to death was 1.01 years (median, 0.83) with no significant difference between the disease groupings in time to death from PEG. No significant differences were found between the sexes in age at PEG tube insertion, time from disease onset to PEG, or time of PEG to death.

Table 3.

Cohort Characteristics

Disease	No. of patients, n (%)	Sex, male/female	Age at PEG tube insertion, yr, mean (median)	Time from disease onset to PEG tube insertion, yr, mean (median)	Duration of follow-up, yr, mean (median)	Time from PEG tube insertion to death, yr, mean (median)
Parkinson’s disease and related disorders	13 (32)	10/3	65 (64)	IPD 16.2 (18)MSA 6.3 (6)PSP 6.5 (6.5)	2.25 (1.5)	1.25 (1.2)
Multiple sclerosis	13 (32)	7/6	50 (52)[a)]	RRMS 13 (13)PPMS 10 (10)SPMS 20.4 (17.5)	1.68 (1.4)	1 (0.79)
Motor neuron disease	14 (34)	4/9	68 (72)	1.2 (1)[a)]	1.02 (1.08)	0.93 (0.83)
Total	40 (100)	21/18	61 (60)	10.2 (8)	1.65 (1.4)	1.01 (0.83)

PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; IPD, idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; RRMS, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; PPMS, primary progressive multiple sclerosis; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Statistically significant results.

PEG insertion

Patients fasted prior to PEG insertion which was performed under sedation. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed with aspiration of stomach contents and gastric insufflation. The abdominal wall was transilluminated to identify the site for PEG insertion. Using sterile technique, local anesthesia was applied to the skin and the PEG tube was inserted via the “pull” technique. A single dose of a broad-spectrum antibiotic was administered if the patient was not already receiving antibiotics with appropriate gram-positive cover.

Morbidity and mortality associated with PEG insertion

Eighty-eight percent of patients experienced a complication secondary to PEG tube at some point. Multiple complications occurred in 12 patients (30%). Short-term complications (within the first 30 days) were observed in 27 patients (68%), and long-term complications occurred in 11 patients (28%). Notably, some patients experienced more than one complication (Table 4). Major short-term complications included five cases of respiratory infections, one case of intra-abdominal sepsis, and two cases of wound infections at the stoma site that required antibiotic therapy. Delayed hospital discharge of greater than 6 weeks occurred in two cases (5%).

Table 4.

Short Term Complications (Onset within 30 Days of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Insertion)

Complication	Parkinson’s disease and related disorders	Multiple sclerosis	Motor neuron disease	Total
Major
Infection at stoma site	0	1	1	2
Aspiration pneumonia	1	3	1	5
Abdominal sepsis	0	0	1	1
Raised inflammatory markers	0	1	0	1
Vomiting	0	0	1	1
Death	1	1	1	3
Any short term major complication	2	6	5	13
Minor
Dislodgement	1	0	0	1
Pain at stoma site	3	2	4	9
Discharge/bleeding	1	2	1	4
Diarrhoea	0	0	2	2
Constipation	0	0	1	1
Any short term minor	5	4	8	17
Any short term complication	7	10	13	30
No short term complication	6	6	2	14

Values are presented as number.

Some patients experienced more than one complication.

The 30-day mortality was 3/40 (8%) (Table 1), and the cause of death was aspiration pneumonia in all three cases. In one patient (with a parkinsonian condition), death occurred within 16 hours of the procedure. Aspiration was attributed to disease progression in the case of one patient with MND in whom discharge was delayed secondary to social factors. A patient with secondary progressive MS died within 10 days of PEG. Longer term survival was determined by the underlying disease process rather than by the presence or absence of complications secondary to PEG tube insertion; MND was associated with significantly increased risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 11.08; p<0.05).

Relatively few long-term complications, which are defined by adverse events attributable to PEG tube insertion occurring after the first 30 days, were observed (Table 5). Thirty-five percent of patients had major long-term complications including death, although death was not attributable to PEG in this time period. One MND patient elected not to undergo re-siting of PEG when the original tube was removed due to recurrent site infection.

Table 5.

Long Term Complications (Onset after 30 Days from Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Insertion)

Complication	Parkinson’s disease and related disorders	Multiple sclerosis	Motor neuron disease	Total
Major
Aspiration pneumonia	3	3	1	7
Wound infection at PEG site	1	0	1	2
Death	0	1	6	7
Any major complication	4	4	8	16
Minor
PEG tube change	3 (infection at site, routine re-siting, dislodgement)	1 (dislodgement)	0	4
PEG tube removal	0	0	1 (infection at site)	1
Pain associated with PEG use	1	1	0	2
Hypergranulation	1	0	0	1
Any minor complication	5	2	1	8
Any long term complication	9	6	9	24
No long term complications	6	8	4	18

Values are presented as number.

Some patients experienced more than one complication.

PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

Compliance with standards

Measurement of FVC

Documentary evidence for FVC measurement was available in 57% of patients with MND. Increased incidence of complications was not observed in patients who did not have monitoring.

Availability of blood test results

All patients had blood test results available at the time of PEG tube insertion although four patients (10%) did not have a full set of blood tests [30]. No difference in complication rate existed between those who had a full set of blood tests and those who did not.

Formal swallow assessment

All patients had a formal swallow assessment by the Speech and Language Therapy team prior to PEG tube insertion, and a gastrostomy was considered appropriate in all.

Stoma site checks

Documentary evidence of daily stoma site review during in-patient stay was available in 21/40 (53%) patients. Of the 19 patients who did not have a recorded daily stoma review, seven patients had major complications, and three patients died. However, a significant relationship was not observed between daily stoma site check and risk of death (OR, 0.13; p=0.187), major complications (OR, 0.52; p=0.348), or minor complications (OR, 1.97; p=0.4601).

Patient age

Eight patients (four PD patients and four MND patients) in our cohort were aged >75 years of age, six of whom had major complications (including one death), and the OR for major complications with age >75 years was 10.71 (p=0.009).

Duration of in-patient stay

Forty percent of patients (16/40) were discharged within 72 hours of PEG placement. Delays in discharge were observed in all disease groups. For those patients whose hospital stay exceeded 3 days, discharge delays were categorized as “social,” “medical,” or “mixed.” Social causes were responsible for 11/24 (46%) delays and included delays incurred setting up homecare or training carers/patient for PEG tube use. Lack of dietician availability over the weekend may have contributed to this. Complications contributed to delays in 13/24 (54%). A trend toward longer in-patient stays was observed among those with MS; four patients (10%) remained as an in-patient for >1 month post-PEG tube insertion, which was pre-dominantly attributable to social factors.

Serum albumin

Not all patients had formal dietetic review prior to PEG tube insertion although all were observed prior to discharge. Albumin levels were recorded pre- (up to 10 days prior to procedure) and post- (up to 1 year) in 36/40 (90%) of patients. Twenty percent (9/36) were malnourished at the time of PEG tube placement as defined by serum albumin ≤30 g/L. Of the three patients who died within 30 days of PEG, two (67%) had low albumin levels (29 and 19 g/L). A strong trend toward increased 30-day mortality was found if pre-procedure serum albumin level was ≤30 g/L (30-day mortality OR, 7.43; p=0.148). Statistical significance was not reached probably due to the low numbers of deaths. Serum albumin levels improved post-PEG tube placement in all patients for whom data were available.

DISCUSSION

Maintaining adequate nutrition remains an important goal in the optimum management of many illnesses, including neurodegenerative diseases. A number of studies have reviewed morbidity and mortality following PEG tube insertion except those with MND [15]; the studies which have included patients with neurological disease have tended to include them among a wide range of indications for PEG (Table 1). For those with orofacial tumors, gastrointestinal malignancy, and cerebrovascular disease, a PEG tube is typically inserted to primarily provide temporary nutritional support and may be inserted prophylactically when dysphagia and weight loss are anticipated; circumstances are different to those encountered in the context of neurodegenerative disease when neurological deterioration and indefinite use of PEG tube feeding are expected. Outcomes are not therefore directly comparable between neurodegenerative disease and other disease groupings; morbidity and mortality would be expected to be higher in the context of progressive neurological disease. Although the limitations of our study include its retrospective nature and lack of patient and/or carer reported outcome measures, our study is unique in exploring in detail pre- and post-PEG care in a relatively large, contemporaneous cohort of patients with MS and parkinsonian conditions in a single neuroscience center in the UK.

As expected, the 30-day mortality rate (8%) is high when compared with that in studies on head and neck neoplasia but compares favorably with those with more comparable patient cohorts, including those with a high proportion of patients in whom the indication for PEG tube insertion was dementia, stroke, and MND (Table 1).

Concern regarding the relatively high complication rate of PEG tube placement has previously been raised, and the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) published a rapid response report (RRR) in March 2010 [31]. The report included recommendations for good practice, such as regular observation post-PEG tube insertion, daily examination, prompt discharge after the procedure, and inclusion of a “Alert Label” in the patient’s case record to raise awareness of the early signs of complications among hospital staff as well as patients, relatives, and carers [31]. This was introduced after the onset of our study, and it would be of interest to know whether the recommendations led to a reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with PEG tube insertion.

We report a relatively high rate of complications. The high rate is likely to be due to multiple factors including the inherent morbidity and poor conditioning associated with neurodegenerative disease, poor baseline nutritional status, ongoing risk factors for aspiration associated with neurodegenerative disease, and long in-patient stay with consequent increased susceptibility to infection but also the opportunity for improved ascertainment of complications.

Previously reported risk factors for PEG tube insertion include increasing age [16,17]. This finding was replicated in our study; the OR was >10 for the risk of major complications in those aged >75 years. This result suggests that particular care should be taken when considering PEG tube feeding in the elderly when the indication is progressive neurological disease.

Earlier involvement of nutritional support teams probably leads to earlier consideration of PEG, averting malnutrition and the associated increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Low serum albumin was reported to be a risk factor for death associated with PEG tube insertion [5,17,18,32], and a trend toward this was replicated in our study. The low total number of deaths makes statistical analysis unreliable. Other reported prognostic factors that influence PEG outcome include low serum cholesterol level, low lymphocyte count, hyponatremia, and severe comorbidity such as cardiovascular disease [17,33,34]. Although one study reported that FVC <65% is a predictor of poor outcome in MND patients [14], no excess morbidity and mortality were reported in other studies in MND patients whose FVC prior to PEG tube insertion is <50% predicted [8,19,20,35]. One group reported that periprocedural non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may minimize risk of PEG tube placement in subjects with FVC <50% [19], and the ESPEN guidelines recommended that PEG tube placement be considered prior to the FVC falling below 50% predicted [3]. No data are available regarding FVC measurement in patients with other neurological diseases in whom PEG tube insertion is being considered. FVC was not routinely measured in our cohort when the indication for PEG tube placement was a condition other than the MND.

Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) is an alternative to PEG tube insertion. An advantage of RIG is that the procedure can be undertaken while the patient receives respiratory support with NIV [36,37]. Allen et al. [20] reported lower failure rates of RIG tube insertion (16% vs. 2%), but failure to site PEG was not a complication observed in our study. More significantly, however, RIG tube placement was less frequently associated with aspiration (11% vs. 0%) [20], although Shaw et al. [38] reported equivalent post-procedural survival for patients with MND who underwent RIG or PEG tube insertion. Peroral image-guided gastrostomy (PIG) is a hybrid technique that has been utilized with MND patients with the possibility of concomitant use of NIV, with rates of complications comparable to PEG (21% in PIG and 23% in PEG), with no reported life-threatening complications and no significant survival differences in this study [39]. In a recent large prospective cohort study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, comparison of the three methods of gastrostomy insertion (PEG, RIG, and PIG) showed no difference in 30-day mortality, survival times, or periprocedural complications, apart from higher perioperational distress experienced by patients undergoing PEG tube insertion. Mortality in this context was associated with increasing patient age at the onset of the disease and percentage of weight loss from diagnosis to the time point of gastrostomy [15].

This study provides a snapshot of the safety and utility of PEG in a single neuroscience center in the UK as well as highlights key aspects of care that can be optimized to improve morbidity and mortality, particularly for those patients with neurodegenerative disease. Careful patient selection, optimal timing of PEG tube insertion, and periprocedural care with comprehensive education of patients and carers as well as prompt, well-supported hospital discharge, would be expected to reduce morbidity, mortality, and cost-effectiveness. In light of this, we have outlined points of consideration for clinicians considering PEG tube insertion in patients with degenerative neurological disease (Table 6). Future prospective studies could explore a larger cohort of patients including those who have PEG tube insertion outside a tertiary referral center, incorporate data regarding comorbidities, such as cardiac risk factors [17] and patient and/or carer reported outcomes, and assess value added by input from a dedicated nutrition team and radiological guidance of gastrostomy tube insertion.

Table 6.

Points for Consideration

Appropriate selection of patient for PEG tube insertion by discussion of neurologist with nutritional team/gastroenterology

Pre-admission work-up to anticipate and avoid potential causes of discharge delays

For patients with MND, FVC should be performed and documented. Consideration of PEG tube insertion should be given particular care if FVC is <50% predicted or there is shortness of breath on minimal exertion.

Consider FVC measurement in all patients with neurological disease in whom PEG tube insertion is being considered.

Results for full blood count, renal function, liver function, bone profile, clotting, C-reactive protein, albumin, and glucose levels should be available prior to PEG tube insertion.

All patients must have nutritional and swallowing assessment prior to PEG tube insertion with ongoing input postprocedure to facilitate home-care training and optimisation of nutrition.

All patients must have valid and written consent.

Post-PEG care should include regular observations, the frequency of which should be tailored to the individual patient.

Daily stoma site review and regular examination of the chest and abdomen should be undertaken and documented post-PEG tube insertion.

Patients and their carers should be informed of the risks of PEG tube insertion, and be warned of ‘red flag’ symptoms such as external leakage of gastric contents or severe pain postprocedure.

Patients should spend the first 24 hours postprocedure on a specialised ward where staff are familiar with postinsertion procedures and ‘red flag’ symptoms.

Supported discharge should occur following senior review and within 72 hours of PEG tube insertion. The discharge coordinator should be notified of any potential causes of delay.

Prospective data recording including patient and/or carer reported outcome measures should be undertaken.

Points for particular consideration regarding PEG insertion in patients with neurodegenerative disease (modified by the authors from standards included in guidelines issued by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, and National Patient Safety Agency [3,30,31].

PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; MND, motor neuron disease; FVC, forced vital capacity.