| Literature DB >> 25812790 |
Sung Hae Kim1, Yoon Hee Lee1, Hyo Bin Yoo1, Jae Hyun Park1.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Although standardized patients (SPs) have been used widely in medical education, there has been little research on SP trainers. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles SP trainers by establishing their job description and assessing the importance, frequency, and difficulty of each task element.Entities:
Keywords: Job analysis; Job description; Standardized patient; Standardized patient trainer
Year: 2012 PMID: 25812790 PMCID: PMC8814537 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2012.24.1.39
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Korean J Med Educ ISSN: 2005-727X
Fig. 1.Flow Chart of Job Analysis of Standardized Patient Trainer
FGI: Focus group interview.
Job Description of Standardized Patient Trainer
| Duty | Task | Task element |
|---|---|---|
| 1. SP recruitment | Recruitment | Announce recruitment for SP |
| Receive applications | ||
| Review application documents | ||
| Interview | Interview applicants | |
| Notification | Notify accepted applicants | |
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| 2. SP management | Management | Manage SP database |
| Manage SP contracts | ||
| Activity evaluation | Evaluate SP activities | |
| Manage training schedules | ||
| Check whether SPs keep appointment times | ||
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| 3. SP training | Prepare for training | Assign faculty for SP training |
| Make training videos | ||
| Education and training | Provide information about the SP training program | |
| Conduct security training | ||
| Provide information about the scenarios in the program | ||
| Provide information about physical examination | ||
| Standardize the acting abilities of the SPs according to the scenarios | ||
| Provide information on how to cope with unexpected situations | ||
| Provide training regarding the scoring criteria and how to standardize the scoring system | ||
| Provide training on giving feedback to students | ||
|
| ||
| 4. Lessons and evaluation | Prepare SPs | Check SP attendance |
| Dress SPs as patients and check general appearance | ||
| Pre-evaluation | Prepare scenarios and score card | |
| Evaluation | Resolve problems that arise during lessons and evaluation; make notes of the problems | |
| Post-evaluation | Evaluate SPs’ acting and review scores | |
| Calculate scores | ||
| Conduct evaluation questionnaires among students and SPs | ||
| Encode and analyze statistical data from student and SP evaluation questionnaires | ||
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| ||
| 5. Scenariorelated tasks | Development | Write guidelines to develop and modify scenarios |
| Hold meetings for developing scenarios | ||
| Request scenario development to faculty | ||
| Amend and modify scenarios | ||
| Modification and supplementation | Request revision of scenarios if necessary | |
| Organize the revise scenarios | ||
| Manage and supplement scenarios | ||
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| ||
| 6. Budget operation (Accounting) | Budgeting | Prepare a budget for various payments and purchases |
| Settlement | Settle payments, including wages for SPs and instructors | |
| Payment | Balance accounts | |
| Make payments to SPs and faculty | ||
| Make payment for scenario development | ||
| Make payments for various purchases | ||
| Make payment for snacks and refreshments | ||
|
| ||
| 7. Communication | Counseling | Make phone calls and conduct online affairs related to SP training |
| Sharing information | Send out invitations for events and training programs | |
| Conduct affairs including interviews, notification of training schedules, and notification of accepted applicants | ||
| Coordination and exchange of opinions | Convey the opinions of SPs to the faculty | |
| Convey the opinions of the faculty to SPs | ||
| Facilitate exchange of opinions between SP trainers and faculty | ||
| Exchange opinions with SPs | ||
| Exchange opinions with students | ||
| Coordinate opinions among SPs | ||
| Coordinate opinions among various organizations, including medical schools, consortiums, and the NHPLEB | ||
|
| ||
| 8. Coordinate with faculty | Coordination with training faculty | Recruit training faculty |
| Entertain training faculty | ||
| Create and adjust faculty schedules | ||
| Report SP training progress to training faculty | ||
|
| ||
| 9. Administration | Preparation and checklist | Prepare for interviews (name tags, cameras, documents) |
| Make arrangements for training sites | ||
| Prepare and install training equipment, including diagnostic tools | ||
| Prepare and check broadcasting and recording equipment | ||
| Prepare meals and refreshments | ||
| Inspect and manage facilities (OSCE, CPX room) | ||
| Purchasing | Purchase office supplies and materials required for tests | |
| Document creation and management | Create various documents related to SPs and scenarios such as log books | |
| Manage various documents related to SPs and scenarios such as log books | ||
| Write work manuals for interviews, SP training, and responding to unexpected situations | ||
| Manage work manuals for interviews, SP training, and responding to unexpected situations | ||
| Practice | Review and modify score cards | |
| Give out report cards | ||
| Coordinate the evaluation schedule with various organizations including medical schools, consortiums and the NHPLEB | ||
|
| ||
| 10. Self-development | Self-development | Acquire medical knowledge, including terminology and conducting physical examination |
| Acquire required skills, including recording video, dressing, makeup, and acting | ||
| Participate in related workshops and academic conferences | ||
| Manage stress | ||
| Manage personal health | ||
| Manage personal time | ||
SP: Standardized patient, NHPLEB: National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board, OSCE: Objective structured clinical examination, CPX: Clinical performance examination.
Characteristics of Standardized Patient Trainers (n=24)
| Variable | Characteristic | No. (%) | Mean±SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <25 yr | 2 (8.3) | 30.71±3.69 |
| 25~30 yr | 10 (41.7) | ||
| 31~35 yr | 10 (41.7) | ||
| >35 yr | 2 (8.3) | ||
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| Gender | Male | 3 (12.5) | |
| Female | 21 (87.5) | ||
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| Education | College | 20 (83.3) | |
| Graduate | 4 (16.7) | ||
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| SP career | <1 yr | 11 (45.8) | 2.08±1.25 |
| 1~<2 yr | 5 (20.8) | ||
| 2~<3 yr | 4 (16.7) | ||
| 3~<4 yr | 3 (12.5) | ||
| >4 yr | 1 (4.2) | ||
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| Organization | Consortium | 3 (12.5) | |
| Medical school | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Theater | 1 (4.2) | ||
| NHPLEB | 5 (20.8) | ||
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| Dual commitments | No | 1 (4.2) | |
| Yes | 23 (95.8) | ||
| Portion as SP trainer | |||
| <30% | 13 (56.6) | ||
| 30~49% | 5 (21.7) | ||
| 50~70% | 3 (13.0) | ||
| >70% | 2 (8.7) | ||
|
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| Work arrangement | Permanent | 9 (37.5) | |
| Full-time | 14 (58.3) | ||
| Part-time | 1 (4.2) | ||
|
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| Pay level (million won) | <0.00 | 1 (4.2) | |
| 1.00~1.50 | 7 (29.2) | ||
| 1.51~2.00 | 8 (33.3) | ||
| 2.01~2.50 | 4 (16.7) | ||
| 2.51~3.00 | 2 (8.3) | ||
| >3.00 | 2 (8.3) | ||
SD: Standard deviation, SP: Standardized patient, NHPLEB: National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board.
Work-Related Characteristics and Job Perceptions about SP trainer (n=24)
| Variable | Category | No. (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Difficult problem on job | Excessive workload | 14 (58.3) |
| Lack of knowledge | 4 (16.7) | |
| Communication problems with the faculty | 2 (8.3) | |
| Lack of discretion | 4 (16.7) | |
|
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| Master period as a SP trainer | <6 mo | 1 (4.2) |
| 6~<1 yr | 9 (37.5) | |
| 1~<2 yr | 8 (33.3) | |
| >2 yr | 6 (25.0) | |
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| ||
| Standard provision | Yes | 11 (45.8) |
| No | 13 (54.2) | |
| Necessity of standard provision | ||
| Yes | 12 (92.3) | |
| No | 1 (7.7) | |
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| Professionalism of SP trainer | Yes | 24 (100.0) |
| No | 0 (0.0) | |
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| Requirements of professionalism | Introduction of SP trainer qualifications | 7 (29.2) |
| Ensure permanent position | 9 (37.5) | |
| Open to the SP trainer’s society | 2 (8.3) | |
| Structured curriculum of professional education | 6 (25.0) | |
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| Introduction of qualification | Yes | 23 (95.8) |
| No | 1 (4.2) | |
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| The needs for professional education for SP trainer | Yes | 23 (95.8) |
| No | 1 (4.2) | |
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| Participation intention to professional education | Yes | 23 (95.8) |
| No | 1 (4.2) | |
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| Career prospects | Very good | 2 (8.3) |
| Good | 12 (50.0) | |
| No difference between the current | 8 (33.3) | |
| I don’t know | 2 (8.3) | |
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| Pay satisfaction | Adequate | 4 (16.7) |
| Moderate | 6 (25.0) | |
| Inadequate | 14 (58.3) | |
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| Job satisfaction | Very satisfied | 1 (4.2) |
| Satisfied | 15 (62.5) | |
| So-so | 8 (33.3) | |
SD: Standard deviation, SP: Standardized patient, NHPLEB: National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board.
The Degree of Importance of Each Duty
| Duty | Importance | |
|---|---|---|
|
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| Mean SD | ||
| 1. SP recruitment | 4.25 | 0.74 |
| 2. SP management | 4.67 | 0.56 |
| 3. SP training | 4.79 | 0.41 |
| 4. Lessons and evaluation | 4.13 | 0.85 |
| 5. Scenario-related tasks | 4.17 | 0.96 |
| 6. Budget operation (Accounting) | 4.00 | 0.78 |
| 7. Communication | 4.63 | 0.65 |
| 8. Consultation with training faculty | 4.38 | 0.58 |
| 9. Administration | 4.00 | 0.72 |
| 10. Self development | 3.92 | 0.78 |
| Total | 4.29 | |
SD: Standard deviation, SP: Standardized patient.
The Degree of Importance, Frequency, and Difficulty of Task Element in Each Duty
| Task element | Importance | Frequency | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. SP recruitment | |||
| Announce recruitment for SP | 3.67±1.01 | 2.42±1.14 | 2.42±0.78 |
| Receive applications | 3.50±1.10 | 2.46±1.10 | 2.13±1.08 |
| Review application documents | 4.13±0.90 | 2.58±1.21 | 3.30±1.15 |
| Interview applicants | 4.46±0.93 | 2.67±1.24 | 3.96±1.04 |
| Notify accepted applicants | 3.67±1.20 | 2.46±1.25 | 2.38±1.21 |
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| 2. SP management | |||
| Manage SP database | 4.54±0.78 | 3.50±1.02 | 3.50±0.98 |
| Manage SP contracts | 4.38±0.82 | 3.04±1.33 | 3.33±1.13 |
| Evaluate SP activities | 4.71±0.46 | 3.25±1.22 | 4.17±0.82 |
| Manage training schedules | 4.54±0.66 | 3.96±1.00 | 3.88±0.90 |
| Check whether SPs keep appointment times | 4.58±0.78 | 4.04±1.08 | 3.67±1.01 |
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| 3. SP training | |||
| Assign faculty for SP training | 4.29±1.04 | 2.83±1.27 | 3.79±1.32 |
| Make training videos | 4.17±0.92 | 2.63±1.13 | 4.13±0.80 |
| Provide information about the SP training program | 4.00±0.83 | 3.17±1.09 | 3.21±0.93 |
| Conduct security training | 4.42±0.72 | 3.29±1.20 | 3.54±0.93 |
| Provide information about the scenarios in the program | 4.79±0.41 | 3.96±1.16 | 4.33±0.64 |
| Provide information about physical examination | 4.54±0.59 | 3.79±1.10 | 4.42±0.65 |
| Standardize the acting abilities of the SPs according to the scenarios | 4.79±0.51 | 4.04±1.12 | 4.50±0.66 |
| Provide information on how to cope with unexpected situations | 4.63±0.58 | 3.63±1.06 | 4.08±0.83 |
| Provide training regarding the scoring criteria and how to standardize the scoring system | 4.83±0.48 | 4.08±1.06 | 4.38±0.71 |
| Provide training on giving feedback to students | 4.58±0.77 | 3.25±1.45 | 4.20±1.06 |
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| 4. Lessons and evaluation | |||
| Check SP attendance | 4.29±1.08 | 4.00±1.02 | 3.00±1.11 |
| Dress SPs as patients and check general appearance | 4.46±0.83 | 3.95±1.09 | 3.14±1.04 |
| Prepare scenarios and score card | 3.58±1.38 | 2.14±1.17 | 3.27±1.28 |
| Resolve problems that arise during lessons and evaluation; make notes of the problems | 4.50±0.83 | 3.41±0.80 | 3.64±0.95 |
| Evaluate SPs’ acting and review scores | 4.67±0.64 | 3.91±0.97 | 3.91±0.87 |
| Calculate scores | 3.55±1.43 | 3.33±1.24 | 3.67±1.02 |
| Conduct evaluation questionnaires among students and SPs | 3.74±1.01 | 3.22±1.48 | 2.83±0.94 |
| Encode and analyze statistical data from student and SP evaluation questionnaires | 3.26±1.18 | 2.83±1.40 | 2.91±1.12 |
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| 5. Scenario-related tasks | |||
| Write guidelines to develop and modify scenarios | 4.54±0.78 | 3.04±1.33 | 4.21±0.78 |
| Hold meetings for developing scenarios | 4.29±0.86 | 3.00±1.18 | 3.75±0.79 |
| Request scenario development to faculty | 4.63±0.58 | 3.00±1.02 | 4.04±0.81 |
| Amend and modify scenarios | 4.54±1.02 | 3.63±1.35 | 4.29±0.95 |
| Request revision of scenarios if necessary | 4.71±0.55 | 3.50±1.02 | 4.33±0.92 |
| Organize the revise scenarios | 4.54±0.78 | 3.63±1.10 | 4.00±0.98 |
| Manage and supplement scenarios | 4.50±0.78 | 3.96±1.08 | 3.88±1.08 |
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| 6. Budget operation (Accounting) | |||
| Prepare a budget for various payments and purchases | 4.17±0.92 | 3.33±1.31 | 3.42±1.06 |
| Settle payments, including wages for SPs and instructors | 4.33±0.87 | 3.42±1.18 | 3.04±0.75 |
| Balance accounts | 4.38±0.82 | 3.13±1.45 | 3.17±0.87 |
| Make payments to SPs and faculty | 4.04±1.08 | 2.70±0.93 | 2.67±0.70 |
| Make payment for scenario development | 3.71±1.04 | 2.96±1.46 | 2.67±0.92 |
| Make payments for various purchases | 3.71±0.86 | 3.04±1.46 | 2.83±0.96 |
| Make payment for snacks and refreshments | 4.29±1.04 | 3.50±1.32 | 3.04±0.86 |
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| 7. Communication | |||
| Make phone calls and conduct online affairs related to SP training | 3.79±0.93 | 2.83±1.34 | 2.96±1.20 |
| Send out invitations for events and training programs | 3.38±1.17 | 2.25±1.26 | 2.54±1.18 |
| Conduct affairs including interviews, notification of training schedules, and notification of accepted applicants | 4.13±0.90 | 3.42±1.44 | 3.08±0.97 |
| Convey the opinions of SPs to the faculty | 4.29±0.86 | 3.08±1.06 | 3.04±0.91 |
| Convey the opinions of the faculty to SPs | 4.21±0.93 | 3.29±1.04 | 3.63±0.88 |
| Facilitate exchange of opinions between SP trainers and faculty | 4.21±0.93 | 3.00±1.14 | 3.67±1.13 |
| Exchange opinions with SPs | 4.50±0.93 | 3.83±1.27 | 3.71±1.04 |
| Exchange opinions with students | 4.30±0.92 | 2.95±1.28 | 3.55±1.19 |
| Coordinate opinions among SPs | 4.26±0.92 | 3.39±1.23 | 4.17±0.72 |
| Coordinate opinions among various organizations, including medical schools, consortiums, and the NHPLEB | 3.83±1.13 | 2.63±1.24 | 3.63±1.06 |
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| 8. Consultation with training faculty | |||
| Recruit training faculty | 4.25±0.94 | 2.63±1.21 | 4.33±0.87 |
| Entertain training faculty | 4.25±0.90 | 3.00±1.18 | 4.21±0.93 |
| Create and adjust faculty schedules | 4.17±1.01 | 2.96±1.16 | 3.88±0.99 |
| Report SP training progress to training faculty | 4.08±1.66 | 2.79±1.14 | 3.63±1.01 |
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| 9. Administration | |||
| Prepare for interviews (name tags, cameras, documents) | 3.54±1.02 | 2.96±1.33 | 2.38±1.21 |
| Make arrangements for training sites | 3.65±0.83 | 3.35±1.07 | 2.39±1.16 |
| Prepare and install training equipment, including diagnostic tools | 3.83±0.82 | 3.54±0.93 | 2.54±0.93 |
| Prepare and check broadcasting and recording equipment | 4.25±0.85 | 3.58±1.14 | 3.04±1.27 |
| Prepare meals and refreshments | 3.61±0.94 | 3.48±0.99 | 2.48±1.24 |
| Inspect and manage facilities (OSCE, CPX room) | 4.42±0.78 | 3.79±0.93 | 3.17±0.96 |
| Purchase office supplies and materials required for tests | 3.63±0.88 | 3.38±1.24 | 2.46±1.06 |
| Create various documents related to SPs and scenarios such as log books | 4.33±0.76 | 3.83±1.17 | 3.17±0.92 |
| Manage various documents related to SPs and scenarios such as log books | 4.33±0.76 | 3.71±1.08 | 3.25±0.94 |
| Write work manuals for interviews, SP training, and responding to unexpected situations | 4.21±0.83 | 3.08±1.28 | 3.58±1.02 |
| Manage work manuals for interviews, SP training, and responding to unexpected situations | 4.38±0.71 | 3.04±1.27 | 3.54±1.14 |
| Review and modify score cards | 4.58±0.65 | 3.63±1.31 | 3.88±0.95 |
| Give out report cards | 3.75±1.21 | 2.80±1.40 | 3.10±1.21 |
| Coordinate the evaluation schedule with various organizations including medical schools, consortiums and the NHPLEB | 4.19±0.87 | 3.19±1.12 | 3.52±0.81 |
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| 10. Self-development | |||
| Acquire medical knowledge, including terminology and conducting physical examination | 4.25±0.90 | 3.71±1.12 | 3.96±1.23 |
| Acquire required skills, including recording video, dressing, makeup, and acting | 4.13±0.85 | 3.13±1.23 | 3.67±1.01 |
| Participate in related workshops and academic conferences | 3.96±0.91 | 2.79±1.22 | 3.00±1.32 |
| Manage stress | 4.46±0.98 | 3.25±1.57 | 3.42±1.41 |
| Manage personal health | 4.38±1.01 | 2.92±1.47 | 3.38±1.41 |
| Manage personal time | 4.38±0.97 | 2.79±1.41 | 3.42±1.47 |
Values are presented as mean±SD.
SP: Standardized patient, NHPLEB: National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board, OSCE: Objective structured clinical examination, CPX: Clinical performance examination, SD: Standard deviation.
| 직무 | 일 | 일의 요소 |
|---|---|---|
| 1. SP 모집 | 모집 | SP 모집공고 게시하기 |
| SP 지원서 접수하기 | ||
| SP 지원현황 파악 및 서류 검토 | ||
| 면접 | SP 면접하기 | |
| 통보 | SP 합격 통보하기 | |
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| 2. SP 관리 | 관리 | SP 데이터베이스 관리하기 |
| SP 계약 관리하기 | ||
| 활동 평가 | SP 활동 평가하기 | |
| SP 교육일정 관리하기 | ||
| SP 약속시간 준수여부 확인하기 | ||
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| 3. SP 훈련 | 훈련 전 준비 | SP 훈련교수 위촉하기 |
| SP 훈련용 동영상 제작하기 | ||
| 교육 훈련 | SP 업무 범위 설명하기 | |
| SP 업무에 대한 보안교육 실시하기 | ||
| 시나리오 내용 이해시키기 | ||
| 신체진잘 이해시키기 | ||
| 시나리오에 맞게 SP 간 연기 표준화 시키기 | ||
| 수업 및 평가 중 돌발 상황 대처 능력 교육하기 | ||
| SP에게 채점 기준을 이해시키고 채점 표준화 훈련하기 | ||
| 채점 관련 학생들에게 피드백주는 방법 훈련하기 | ||
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| 4. 수업 및 평가 | SP 준비 | SP 참석 확인하기 |
| SP 분장 실시하고 점검하기 | ||
| 평가 전 준비 | 시나리오 및 채점표 준비하기 | |
| 평가 중 | 수업 및 평가 시 발생하는 문제상황 해결하고 기록하기 | |
| 평가 후 | SP 연기 및 채점 검토하기 | |
| 성적 산출하기 | ||
| 학생 및 SP 평가 설문 실시하기 | ||
| 학생 및 SP 평가 설문자료 코딩하고 분석하기 | ||
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| 5. 시나리오 관련업무 | 개발 | 시나리오 개발 및 수정 지침 작성하기 |
| 시나리오 개발을 위한 회의 개최하기 | ||
| 시나리오 개발 의뢰하기 | ||
| 시나리오 수정 및 보완하기 | ||
| 수정 및 보완 | 시나리오 검토 후 필요 시 시나리오 수정 재 의뢰하기 | |
| SP 훈련 후 시나리오 수정 내용 정리하기 | ||
| 시나리오 관리 및 보완하기 | ||
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| 6. 예산 작업 | 예산안 작성 | 예산안(각종 수당, 물품구매, 다과 등) 작성하기 |
| 결산 | 수당(SP 교육 및 활동비, 훈련교수 활동비 등) 결산하기 | |
| 예산 결산하기 | ||
| 지불 | 수당(SP 교육 및 활동비, 훈련교수 활동비 등) 지급하기 | |
| 시나리오 개발비 지급하기 | ||
| 물품구입비 지급하기 | ||
| 다과비 지급하기 | ||
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| 7. 커뮤니케이션 | 상담 | SP 훈련 업무관련 전화 및 온라인 업무 수행하기 |
| 정보교육 | 각종 교육 및 행사 초청장 발송하기 | |
| 업무(면접, 훈련일정 공지, 합격통보 등) 수행하기 | ||
| 의견교환 및 조율 | SP 의견을 훈련교수 및 책임교수에게 전달하기 | |
| 훈련교수 및 책임교수의 의견을 SP에게 전달하기 | ||
| 훈련교수와 책임교수의 의견교환 돕기 | ||
| SP들과 의사소통하기 | ||
| 학생들과 의사소통하기 | ||
| SP간 의견 조율하기 | ||
| 기관(대학, 컨소시엄, 국시원 등)과의 의견 조율하기 | ||
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| 8. 훈련교수와의 업무 협의 | 교수와의 협의 | 훈련교수 섭외하기 |
| 훈련교수 응대하기 | ||
| 훈련교수의 일정을 확보하고 조정하기 | ||
| 훈련교수에게 SP 훈련 진행사항 보고하기 | ||
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| 9. 운영 | 준비 및 점검 | SP 면접 준비하기(명패, 카메라, 서류 등) |
| SP 훈련장소 섭외하기 | ||
| SP 훈련을 위한 기본 물품(진찰도구) 설치하기 | ||
| SP 훈련, 수업 평가를 위한 방송 및 녹화장비 준비하고 점검하기 | ||
| 식사 및 다과 준비하기 | ||
| 평가 장소 시설 점검하고 관리하기(OSCE, CPX room) | ||
| 구매 | 각종 물품(시험관련, 문구류 등) 구매하기 | |
| 문서작성 및 관리 | 각종 문서(업무일지, SP 관련 문서, 시나리오 관련 문서 등) 작성하기 | |
| 각종 문서(업무일지, SP 관련 문서, 시나리오 관련 문서 등) 관리하기 | ||
| 업무 매뉴얼(면접, SP 교육, 돌발상황 대처 등) 작성하기 | ||
| 업무 매뉴얼(면접, SP 교육, 돌발상황 대처 등) 관리하기 | ||
| 운영 | 채점표 검토 및 보완하기 | |
| 성적표 배부하기 | ||
| 기관(대학, 컨소시엄, 국시원 등)과 평가 일정 조율하기 | ||
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| 10. 자기계발 | 자기계발 | 의학 관련 지식(의학용어, 신체진찰 등) 습득하기 |
| 업무에 필요한 기술(녹화, 분장, 연기력 등) 습득하기 | ||
| 업무관련 워크숍, 학회 등에 참석하기 | ||
| 스트레스 관리하기 | ||
| 건강 관리하기 | ||
| 개인시간 관리하기 | ||
SP: Standardized patient, OSCE: Objective structured clinical examination, CPX: Clinical performance examination, 국시원: 한국보건의료인국가시험원.