The value of the PinPoint ion chamber for characterization of small field segments used in intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

Volume averaging and lack of electronic equilibrium complicate accurate dosimetry of small photon fields. In this paper the performance of the PinPoint ion chamber for characterizing small fields used in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) was investigated and the results were compared with those obtained using the Markus ion chamber and a diamond detector. Sharp beam penumbras were measured for a 5 x 5 cm field defined using a cerrobend block mounted on the accelerator head. In addition, output factors were measured for a 6 MV photon beam and a variety of small rectangular fields collimated widthwise using the multileaf collimator (MLC) in combination with the back-up jaws. From this study, a reference field of 5 x 5 cm and a measuring depth of 5 cm are recommended. This is related to the over-response of the PinPoint chamber to low-energy Compton scattered photons, an effect that was investigated rigorously and turned out to limit the scope of this ionization chamber. However, taking into account some limitations, the PinPoint chamber is an excellent detector for output measurements in small fields down to 2 cm. In profile measurements the chamber causes a broadening of the measured penumbras but its spatial resolution is superior to that of the Markus chamber.