The relationship between motor and secretory behaviors in classical appetitive conditioning.

Three hungry dogs received pairings of food with an accessible, illuminated panel. This resulted in the dogs' approaching the lighted panel and salivating. Despite the similarity of these conditioning procedures to those used in a large body of research primarily with avians, however, the dogs did not physically contact the lighted stimulus panel. These results bear on several issues concerning the form and direction of classically conditioned behaviors.