Normal Values of High-resolution Manometry Parameters With Provocative Maneuvers.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Incorporation of complementary and provocative test swallows to the high-resolution manometry (HRM) protocol offers potential to address limitations posed by HRM protocols that involve only a single swallow type. The aim of this study is to describe normal findings of a comprehensive HRM testing protocol performed on healthy asymptomatic volunteers.
METHODS: Thirty healthy asymptomatic volunteers completed HRM with 5-mL liquid swallows in the supine position. They also completed 5-mL liquid swallows in the upright position, viscous swallows, solid test swallows, multiple rapid swallows, and a rapid drink challenge. HRM studies were analyzed via Chicago classification version 3.0.
RESULTS: The median (5th-95th percentiles) for integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) on supine swallows was 11 (4-16) mmHg; IRP was lower than supine on upright liquid 9 (0-17) mmHg, viscous 6 (0-15) mmHg, solid 9 (1-19) mmHg, multiple rapid swallows 3 (0-12) mmHg, and rapid drink challenge 5 (-3-12) mmHg; P < 0.005. While an "elevated" IRP value was observed on 1 to 2 test maneuvers in 8/30 (27%) subjects, all 30 subjects had an IRP value < 12 mmHg on at least one of the test maneuvers.
CONCLUSIONS: Normal values and findings from a comprehensive HRM testing protocol are reported based on evaluation of 30 healthy asymptomatic volunteers. Isolated "abnormalities" of IRP and contractile parameters were observed in the majority (80%) of these asymptomatic subjects, while all subjects also had normal features observed. Thus, the definition of "normal" should be recalibrated to focus on the entirety of the study and not individual metrics.

Introduction

High-resolution manometry (HRM) is the primary method utilized in clinical practice to assess esophageal motility during the clinical evaluation of patients presenting with dysphagia, non-cardiac chest pain, and other esophageal symptoms when upper gastrointestinal endoscopy does not reveal an objective diagnosis.[1] The Chicago classification of esophageal motility disorders utilizes parameters generated from ten 5-mL liquid test swallows performed in the supine position to categorize HRM findings into motility diagnoses.[2,3] While the Chicago classification and its objective parameters of esophageal function reflects the common method to describe HRM studies and classify primary esophageal motility disorders using a standardized terminology, it is not without limitations. The Chicago classification may not adequately identify all abnormalities and also can sometimes yield false positive diagnoses. The classification of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow obstruction is the primary example of the latter scenario in which the classification based on an integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) elevation among supine liquid test swallows may not consistently be clinically relevant.[4-6]

The Chicago classification presently is based upon a protocol of small-volume liquid swallows performed single position. This testing protocol may not be sufficient to detect all clinically relevant abnormalities, nor clarify when potential abnormal findings are spurious. Thus, incorporation of additional maneuvers into the manometric protocol, such as upright swallows, multiple rapid swallows (MRS), and a rapid drink challenge (RDC), offers the potential to improve the diagnostic yield of esophageal manometry.[6-12] Establishing normal values related to these maneuvers is a necessary component to provide a comparative basis with patients undergoing clinical or research evaluation with HRM. Thus, the aim of this study is to report on parameters from adjunctive and provocative HRM maneuvers in asymptomatic volunteers.

Materials and Methods

Subjects

Healthy, asymptomatic (ie, free of esophageal symptoms including dysphagia, heartburn, and chest pain), adult volunteers were enrolled and completed between January 2017 and October 2019. Potential subjects were excluded for any previous diagnosis of esophageal, autoimmune, or eating disorders. Subjects were also excluded for use of antacids or proton pump inhibitors, body mass index > 30 kg/m2, or a history of tobacco use or alcohol abuse. All subjects completed validated patient-reported outcomes including the brief esophageal dysphagia questionnaire (BEDQ), gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERDQ), and esophageal hypervigilance and anxiety scale (EHAS),[13-15] sedated upper endoscopy with functional luminal imaging probe, high-resolution impedance manometry, and 24-hour pH-impedance testing. The HRM parameters were the focus of this report.

The study protocol was approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board (STU00096856). Informed consent was obtained from all controls, who were paid for their participation. A portion of this cohort (20/30 subjects) was previously described.[16]

High-resolution Manometry

Patients fasted for a minimum of 6 hours prior to completing HRM. The HRM studies used a 4.2-mm outer diameter solid-state assembly with 36 circumferential pressure sensors at 1-cm intervals and 18 impedance segments at 2-cm intervals (Medtronic, Shoreview, MN, USA). The HRM device was placed transnasally to record from the hypopharynx to the stomach with approximately 3 intragastric pressure sensors.

The HRM protocol included 2-5 minutes of baseline recording. Liquid test swallows were performed using 50% saline for test swallows at 20-30 second intervals. The HRM protocol included ten 5-mL liquid swallows in the supine position (Fig. 1). In the upright, seated position, subjects completed five 5-mL liquid swallows, 5 viscous swallows (applesauce; completed in 24/30 [80%] subjects), 2 solid swallows (chewed 3 × 3 cm graham cracker), a MRS sequence, and a RDC. MRS involved drinking 2 mL of water for 5 successive swallows separated by 2-3 second intervals.[9,17] The RDC involved drinking 200 mL of water with subjects instructed to drink as fast as possible.[8,18-20]

Figure 1

High-resolution manometry test swallows and maneuvers. (A) Supine 5 mL liquid; (B) upright 5 mL liquid; (C) viscous (apple sauce); (D) solid (graham cracker); (E) multiple rapid swallow; and (F) rapid drink challenge. Integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) and distal contractile integral (DCI) were 11 mmHg and 1760 mmHg·cm·sec (A), 8 mmHg and 1950 mmHg·cm·sec (B), 7 mmHg and 1600 mmHg·cm·sec (C), 10 mmHg and 1400 mmHg·cm·sec (D), 4 mmHg and 4600 mmHg·cm·sec (E), and 3 mmHg and 0 mmHg·cm·sec (F), respectively. Figure used with permission from the Esophageal Center at Northwestern.

Data Analysis

ManoView version 3.0 (v3.0) analysis software (Medtronic, Shoreview, MN, USA) was used for analysis. The IRP, distal latency (DL), and distal contractile integral (DCI) were applied to test swallows per the Chicago classification. Individual swallow types were classified according to the Chicago classification v3.0 for all bolus types if DL was > 4.5 seconds as effective (DCI 450-8000 mmHg·cm·sec with no peristaltic break > 5 cm); weak (DCI 100-450 mmHg·cm·sec), fragmented (DCI > 450 mmHg·cm·sec and peristaltic break > 5 cm), failed (DCI < 100 mmHg·cm·sec); and hypercontractile (> 8000 mmHg·cm·sec).[3] Weak, fragmented, and failed swallows were considered “ineffective.” Premature swallows were classified if DL was < 4.5 seconds and DCI > 450 mmHg·cm·sec. Failed swallows were analyzed with a DCI value of 0.0 mmHg·cm·sec when applied to median DCI values. Esophageal motility classifications were derived in accord with the Chicago classification v3.0.[3]

During the baseline (resting) recording in the supine position, the intragastric pressure, EGJ morphology, basal EGJ pressure at end-expiration and end-inspiration, and the EGJ-contractile integral (EGJ-CI) were assessed.[3,21] The EGJ-CI was measured by setting the isobaric contour to 2 mmHg greater than the intragastric pressure then using the smart-mouse tool to measure the contractile integral over 3 respiratory cycles (then divided by the time of the measurement: thus into units of mmHg·cm).[22]

During MRS, the IRP was calculated over the entire duration of the sequence and MRS-DCI and MRS-swallow type were classified based on the peristaltic sequence following the final swallow (Fig. 1).[8,10] The MRS contractile augmentation was assessed by taking the MRS-DCI divided by the median-upright DCI. Contractile inhibition was also assessed during MRS and classified as “intact” when no contraction during the MRS sequence, or impaired when a contraction (DCI > 100 mmHg and > 2 cm in axial length) occurred during the MRS sequence.

For RDC, several iterations of IRP measurement were assessed. The RDC-IRP was measured during the first 30 seconds of the RDC (reported as “RDC-IRP-30s”), over the entire RDC-duration (reported as “RDC-IRP-total”; which equaled RDC-IRP-30s if the RDC was completed in < 30 seconds), and also as the averaged value of 10-second increments over the entire duration of the RDC (reported as “RDC-IRP-AVG”).[10] The duration of time to complete the RDC was also quantified and reported as “RDC-time.” Esophageal-gastric (EG) gradient during RDC was measured as the difference between the mean esophageal pressure and mean gastric pressure 2 cm above and below the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), respectively.[10]

Presence of panesophageal pressurization, defined as continuous pressurization from the upper esophageal sphincter to the EGJ at an isobaric contour of 30 mmHg was also assessed during MRS and RDC.

Statistical Methods

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). To maintain data independence, data from each individual subject were analyzed by taking the median, maximum (greatest), of minimum (smallest) value across swallows of similar bolus and position. Data are expressed as median (5th-95th percentiles) or interquartile range (IQR) or mean (SD) based on data distribution. Comparisons were made using Wilcoxon rank sum or paired t tests, based on data distribution. Correlation was assessed using Spearman’s rho. Analyses assumed a 5% level of statistical significance.

Results

Study Subjects

The 30 asymptomatic controls had a mean (SD) age of 30 (6) years and 76% were female. The mean (SD) body mass index was 23 (3) kg/m2. The controls all had a normal upper endoscopy. The BEDQ score was 0 in 29/30 controls (and 1 in the other); the GERDQ score was normal (< 9) in all 30 subjects; the EHAS score was 0 in 28/30 (8 and 24 in the other 2, respectively). Twenty-four hour pH-impedance was completed in 27/30 and total acid exposure time for pH < 4 was median (5th-95th) 0.7% (0.0-6.0); one subject had an acid exposure time > 6.0% (6.3%).

Resting Esophagogastric Junction Evaluation

The EGJ morphology was type I in 28/30 (94%) subjects and type II in 2 (with 1 cm of LES-crural separation). The intragastric pressure was mean (5th-95th) 8 (1-16) mmHg. The basal EGJ pressure at end-expiration was median (5th-95th) 15 (4-32) mmHg and at end-inspiration was median (5th-95th) 23 (10-55) mmHg. The EGJ-CI was median (5th-95th) 44 (9-141) mmHg·cm. The end-expiratory basal EGJ pressure and EGJ-CI were strongly correlated: rho = 0.910 (P < 0.001) (Supplementary Figure).

Liquid Test Swallows

On supine 5 mL liquid swallows, the median (5th-95th) supine IRP was 11 (4-16) mmHg (Table 1). Esophageal motility classification was normal esophageal motility in 26 (87%), ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) in 2 (7%), and EGJ outflow obstruction in 2 (7%). EGJ outflow obstruction subjects had median supine IRP values of 16 mmHg and 17 mmHg and both had normal peristalsis. The 2 subjects with IEM had 8/10 and 10/10 ineffective swallows and median DCI values of 760 and 194 mmHg·cm·sec, respectively. There were 2 subjects that each had 1 hypercontractile swallow among the 10 supine swallows; there were no premature swallows observed.

Table 1

Normal Values for Single Test Swallows

Metric	Supine 5 mL liquid	Upright 5 mL liquid	Viscous swallows	Solid swallows	MRS	RDCa
n	30	30	26	29	30	30
IRP (mmHg)	11 (4-16)	9 (0-17)b	6 (0-15)b,c	9 (1-19)b	3 (0-12)b,c	5 (–3-12)b,c
Median DCI (mmHg·cm·sec)	1747 (366-6335)	1578 (94-5110)b	1689 (331-5125)b	2848 (0-4428)	-	-
Greatest DCI (mmHg·cm·sec)	2295 (566-10980)	2257 (350-6896)b	2276 (746-7200)b	2231 (0-5153)	2645 (0-10362)	-
Shortest DL (sec)	6.0 (4.9-8.0)	6.2 (4.6-8.2)	7.0 (5.2-9.1)b,c	6.5 (4.8-8.7)b,c	-	-

aReflects the IRP-RDC-30s, ie, the integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) measured during the first 30 seconds of the rapid drink challenge (RDC).

bP < 0.05 compared with supine swallows.

cP < 0.05 compared with upright, 5 mL liquid swallows.

MRS, multiple rapid swallows; DCI, distal contractile integral; DL, distal latency.

Viscous and solid swallows, as well as MRS and RDC were performed in the upright, seated position.

Values reflect median (5th-95th percentiles).

On upright 5 mL liquid swallows, the median (5th-95th) IRP was 9 (0-17) mmHg, which was lower than on supine swallows (P < 0.001) (Fig. 2). The 2 controls with supine IRP > 15 mmHg had upright IRPs of 10 mmHg and 14 mmHg, respectively. Both subjects with IEM on supine swallows also had IEM on upright swallows (5/5 ineffective upright swallows in both); there was 5 additional subjects with > 50% ineffective upright swallows. Application of Chicago classification concepts to upright swallows with an upper limit of normal IRP threshold of 12 mmHg to this cohort yielded 5/30 (17%) subjects with EGJ outflow obstruction, (one of whom had ineffective peristalsis), 7/30 (23%) with IEM, and 18/30 (60%) with normal motility. There were no hypercontractile nor premature swallows observed among the upright 5 mL liquid swallows.

Figure 2

Integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) values by manometric test swallow/maneuver. Each line represents one asymptomatic volunteer. Common thresholds of 12 mmHg and 15 mmHg are reflected by the dashed horizontal lines. Median values for each swallow type or maneuver are represented by a solid horizontal line. The rapid drink challenge (RDC)-IRP value reflects the IRP measured during the first 30 seconds of the RDC (“RDC-IRP-30s”). HRM, high-resolution manometry; MRS, multiple rapid swallows. Figure used with permission from the Esophageal Center at Northwestern.

Viscous and Solid Swallows

Twenty-six subjects completed 5 viscous swallows in the upright position, and 29 completed 2 solid swallows (1 had gluten sensitivity and declined). Median IRP values were lower than the median IRP from supine liquid swallows on paired comparisons (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively) (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Compared with supine liquid swallows, median and greatest DCI values were lower with viscous swallows, but similar with the solid swallows. There were 2 subjects with > 50% ineffective swallows among the viscous swallows; neither of which had “IEM” on supine or upright 5 mL liquid swallows. All but 1 subject (28/29) had 1 or 2 effective solid swallows; this 1 subject had IEM on both supine and upright swallows, a failed swallow after MRS, and did not complete viscous swallows. One subject had a single hypercontractile swallow on viscous swallows; no hypercontractile swallows were observed with solid swallows. No premature swallows were observed on viscous or solid swallows.

Multiple Rapid Swallows and Rapid Drink Challenge

On MRS, the median (5th-95th) IRP was 3 (0-12) mmHg, which was lower than the median supine IRP (P < 0.001). The peristaltic wave after MRS was classified as normal in 20 (67%), hypercontractile in 3 (10%), weak in 3 (10%), and failed in 4 (13%). The MRS-DCI had a median (5th-95th) of 2287 (0-9459) mmHg·cm·sec. The augmentation ratio (MRS-DCI/median upright DCI) was a median (5th-95th) 1.9 (0-13.6); 21/30 (70%) had an MRS-augmentation ratio of ≥ 1.0, ie, contractile reserve. Among the 9 patients with > 50% ineffective swallows (“IEM”) on either supine (n = 2), upright (n = 7; 2 also with supine IEM), or viscous swallows (n = 2), 6 (67%) had contractile reserve observed after MRS. Contractile inhibition on MRS was impaired in 6/30 (20%).

The RDC was completed in a median (5th-95th) 39 (11-159) seconds. The median (5th-95th) RDC-IRP-30s was 5 (−3-12) mmHg. The median (5th-95th) RDC-IRP-total was 3 (−3-12) mmHg, while the median (5th-95th) RDC-IRP-AVG (ie, averaged 10-second intervals) was 6 (−2-16) mmHg. All RDC-IRP measures were lower than the median supine IRP (P < 0.001). The median (5th-95th) RDC-EG-gradient was 2.3 (−6-10) mmHg. Pan-esophageal pressurization was observed during the RDC in 1 subject that had an RDC-IRP-30s of 3 mmHg.

The 2 controls with supine IRP > 15 mmHg had MRS-IRPs of 6 mmHg and 12 mmHg, RDC-IRP-30s of 8 mmHg and 10 mmHg, and RDC-EG-gradients of 2 mmHg and 5 mmHg. None of the controls had an MRS-IRP > 12 mmHg. Two of 30 (7%) had RDC-IRP > 12 mmHg by RDC-IRP-30s, RDC-IRP-total, and RDC-IRP-AVG; a third subject had only RDC-IRP-AVG > 12 mmHg (but < 12 for both RDC-IRP-30s and RDC-IRP-total).

Findings potentially considered as “abnormal” were observed during the various test swallows and maneuvers among 24 of these 30 (80%) asymptomatic volunteers (Table 2). Conversely, all 30 subjects had an IRP < 12 mmHg on at least 1 of the test maneuvers (Fig. 2) and 29/30 (97%) subjects had normal motility (> 50% effective swallows) on either supine, upright, or viscous swallows.

Table 2

Abnormal Findings Among Asymptomatic Volunteers

IRP (mmHg)							Contractility (pattern)
Supine	Upright	Viscous	Solid	MRS	RDC		Supine	Upright	Viscous	MRS
17	14	16	15	12	10		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
16	10	8	13	6	8		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
15	19	9	-	8	7		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
15	13	-	12	5	–1		Normal	Normal	-	Normal
14	13	5	8	10	1		Normal	Normal	HC	Im-CR
9	16	9	23	7	7		HC	Normal	Normal	Normal
15	11	4	6	7	10		Normal	IEM	Normal	Normal
15	10	12	10	0	13		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-INH
15	9	7	5	7	6		IEM	IEM	Normal	Normal
14	7	7	11	5	8		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-CR
12	10	8	16	0	3		HC	Normal	Normal	Im-INH
12	9	7	6	6	4		Normal	Normal	IEM	Im-CRIm-INH
12	9	5	9	4	7		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-CR
12	4	3	9	0	6		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-INH
10	9	11	9	6	3		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-CRIm-INH
10	9	3	3	0	2		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-CRIm-INH
9	5	2	6	3	13		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
8	6	1	1	2	–3		Normal	Normal	Normal	Im-CR
8	6	-	13	0	–1		Normal	IEM	-	Normal
8	4	-	11	0	0		IEM	IEM	-	Im-CR
8	1	-	5	0	0		Normal	IEM		Normal
8	6	3	9	3	6		Normal	Normal	IEM	Normal
6	2	3	4	0	1		Normal	IEM	Normal	Im-CR
3	0	-	4	0	1		Normal	IEM	-	Normal
15	9	-	12	2	7		Normal	Normal	-	Normal
10	9	8	12	4	4		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
8	3	5	8	1	–4		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
8	2	4	2	4	9		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
7	1	0	0	0	3		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
13	7	6	7	6	7		Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal

MRS, multiple rapid swallows; RDC, rapid drink challenge; HC, hypercontractile swallow; Im-CR, impaired contractile reserve; IEM, ineffective esophageal motility; Im-INH, impaired inhibition during MRS.

Each row represents one asymptomatic volunteer. Findings considered “abnormal” are highlighted in gray: “Elevated” integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) was considered if the median value among test swallows was > 15 mmHg for supine 5 mL liquid swallows, viscous, or solid test swallows or > 12 mmHg for upright 5 mL liquid swallows, MRS, or RDC. IEM was considered if > 50% of test swallows were ineffective.

Discussion

We evaluated 30 healthy asymptomatic volunteers with HRM and a testing protocol that included supine liquid swallows, upright liquid swallows, viscous swallows, single solid test swallows, MRS, and RDC. The normal values derived from this cohort provide comparison for clinical application to patients tested with comprehensive HRM protocols. Additionally, we observed findings that could be considered “abnormal” in 70% of these healthy asymptomatic volunteers; however these were generally isolated findings and otherwise normal findings were observed on other portions of the testing protocols.

Various factors related to the manometric test protocol contribute to the quantifiable objective parameters that are associated with esophageal motility evaluation with HRM: these include bolus consistency, bolus volume, subject position, and manufacturer of HRM assembly.[23] Thus, consistency in HRM study protocol and appropriate application of normal values derived from similar testing situations are important for clinical utilization. The present study evaluated multiple components that could be incorporated into a comprehensive HRM testing protocol and observed fairly consistent parameters as those reported with previous studies of asymptomatic volunteers.[8,10,11,21,23-28]

Incorporation of the provocative maneuvers the MRS and RDC have recently gained additional interest for clinical manometric evaluation of both gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive esophageal disorders.[8,9,17,18,20,27-29] The present study supports the IRP threshold of 12 mmHg reported in several studies assessing the RDC.[10,11] The present study also observed that similar methods to measure IRP during RDC resulted in similar output; thus application of the IRP-window over the initial 30 seconds of the RDC may provide an acceptable balance of accuracy with ease of application. The MRS has generally been utilized to assess for contractile reserve and was observed with a similar prevalence of contractile reserve in the present study compared with previous studies (70-80% of healthy controls).[9,30] Assessment of LES relaxation during MRS using the IRP may also be of clinical utility and the upper limit of normal of 12 mmHg reported in this study is the same as reported in another study.[30] The MRS has also been applied to assess contractile inhibition during MRS, observed, however in 20% of this asymptomatic cohort and 2/18 healthy controls (11%) in a previous study.[31]

The IRP garners particular attention given the importance placed on it as the initial decision point within the hierarchical Chicago classification scheme, primarily the 15 mmHg threshold when using supine 5 mL swallows with a Sierra-vintage HRM assembly.[3] The 12 mmHg threshold has been previous applied with upright liquid swallows with clinical relevance.[5,6] While the upright IRP was lower than supine swallows for the majority of subjects in this study as expected similar to previous studies,[23,24] the upper limit of the upright IRP observed here was driven primarily by 2 outlying values (Fig. 2): one was likely related to a small reducible hiatal hernia that was not appreciated endoscopically (type II EGJ morphology); an explanation for the other can be speculated as potential catheter impingement artifact generated by the position change.[32] When incorporating all of the numerous test swallows/maneuvers included in this testing protocol (ie, supine, upright, viscous, solid, MRS, and RDC) there were 8/30 (27%) asymptomatic healthy subjects with an IRP value that would be considered elevated based on previously applied thresholds of 15 mmHg (supine swallows) or 12 mmHg (upright liquid swallows or RDC) (Table 2).[3,10,11,24] However, the intra-individual fluctuation of IRP values between these various maneuvers (Fig. 2) demonstrated that elevated IRP values were generally isolated to a single test scenario (only 2 subjects had IRP values greater than previously applied thresholds on more than 1 bolus type/maneuver). Similarly, while contractile abnormalities (particular > 50% ineffective swallows suggesting “IEM”) were observed, all but 1 subject demonstrated effective peristalsis during at least 1 of the test maneuvers.

While this study describes 30 well-characterized asymptomatic volunteers with a comprehensive HRM protocol, it does carry some limitations. As is common among studies assessing healthy asymptomatic volunteers, the cohort evaluated was relatively young and thus changes in esophageal motility that are associated with the normal aging process may not be reflected by this cohort. Additionally, while a comprehensive HRM test protocol was assessed, there are other promising HRM maneuvers, such as the solid test meal, that were not incorporated into this study’s protocol.[11,33] Additionally, parameters that incorporate impedance (high-resolution impedance manometry) may also offer benefit to the HRM evaluation, however, assessing combined manometry-impedance measures was not the focus of this evaluation.

In summary, HRM parameters of healthy, asymptomatic volunteers associated with supine liquid swallows (the current standard Chicago classification protocol), as well as upright liquid swallows, viscous swallows, solid test swallows, MRS, and RDC were described. These values provide a reference for comparison for clinical application of symptomatic patients. Additionally, it should be noted that isolated “abnormalities” of both IRP and contractile parameters were observed in the majority of these healthy asymptomatic controls. This demonstrates that as the HRM protocol expands to include numerous additional maneuvers, caution needs to be exercised when interpreting the clinical relevance of isolated “abnormalities.” Instead, consistently abnormal findings across multiple test maneuvers should be present to support clinically-relevant esophageal motility abnormalities; future studies of patients to support this approach remain necessary.

Supplementary Materials

Note: To access the supplementary figure mentioned in this article, visit the online version of Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility at http://www.jnmjournal.org/, and at https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm20118.