| Literature DB >> 33867564 |
Michael P Lux1, Andreas Schneeweiss2, Andreas D Hartkopf3, Volkmar Müller4, Wolfgang Janni5, Erik Belleville6, Elmar Stickeler7, Marc Thill8, Peter A Fasching9, Hans-Christian Kolberg10, Michael Untch11, Nadia Harbeck12, Achim Wöckel13, Christoph Thomssen14, Carla E Schulmeyer9, Manfred Welslau15, Friedrich Overkamp16, Florian Schütz17, Diana Lüftner18, Nina Ditsch19.
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in new therapeutic approaches to breast cancer, particularly in patients with HER2-positive and HER2-negative/hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer. In the case of HER2-positive tumours, these approaches have included, in particular, treatment with pertuzumab, T-DM1, neratinib and, soon, also tucatinib and trastuzumab deruxtecan (neither of which has yet been authorised in Europe). In patients with HER2-/HR+ breast cancer, CDK4/6 inhibitors and the PIK3CA inhibitor alpelisib are of particular importance. Further novel therapies, such as Akt kinase inhibitors and oral SERDs (selective estrogen receptor down regulators), are already being investigated in ongoing clinical trials. These therapeutic agents are not only being introduced into curative, (neo-)adjuvant therapeutic settings for HER2-positive tumours; a first favourable study on abemaciclib as an adjuvant therapy has now also been published. In patients with triple-negative breast cancer, after many years of negative study results with the Trop-2 antibody drug conjugate (ADC) sacituzumab govitecan, a randomised study has been published that may represent a significant therapeutic advance. This review describes the latest developments in breast cancer subsequent to the ESMO Congress 2020. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: digital medicine; early breast cancer; immune therapy; prognosis; therapy
Year: 2021 PMID: 33867564 PMCID: PMC8046519 DOI: 10.1055/a-1397-7170
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Overview of neoadjuvant studies (reported and as yet unreported) involving a PD1 or PD-L1 inhibitor.
| Name of study | Population | Number of patients | Date of first publication | Which therapies are compared with each other? | pCR rates in the study arms | Survival data from both arms | Reference no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * Statistically not significant in accordance with the pre-specified analysis plan including interim analyses | |||||||
|
| Triple-negative breast cancer | 174 | 1 August 2019 | Durvalumab or placebo in addition to nab-paclitaxel followed by EC | 47/88 (54.4%) in the durvalumab arm vs. (44.2%) in the placebo arm | As yet unpublished |
|
|
| Triple-negative breast cancer | 602 | 27 Feb. 2020 | Pembrolizumab vs. placebo plus paclitaxel and carboplatin | 64.8% in the pembrolizumab arm vs. 51.2% in the placebo arm | Event-free survival with an HR in favour of the pembrolizumab arm (HR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43 – 0.93*) |
|
|
| Oestrogen receptor positive, HER2− | Planned: 1140 | 26 May 2019 | Pembrolizumab vs. placebo with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant endocrine therapy | As yet unpublished | As yet unpublished |
|
|
| Triple-negative breast cancer | 280 | 12 Dec. 2019 | Atezolizumab vs. placebo with carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel | 43.5% with atezolizumab vs. 40.8% with chemotherapy alone | As yet unpublished |
|
|
| Triple-negative breast cancer | 455 | 20 Sep. 2020 | Atezolizumab vs. placebo with chemotherapy | 95/165 (58%) vs. 69/168 (41%) | Event-free survival (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.40 – 1.44) |
|
|
| Triple-negative breast cancer | Planned: 1520 | As yet unpublished | Atezolizumab vs. placebo with neoadjuvant chemotherapy | As yet unpublished | As yet unpublished |
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|
| Hormone receptor positive, HER2-negative, postmenopausal | Planned: 136 | As yet unpublished | Nivolumab, abemaciclib, palbociclib and anastrozole | As yet unpublished | As yet unpublished |
|
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| HER2-positive | Planned: 650 | As yet unpublished | Atezolizumab vs. placebo with trastuzumab, pertuzumab, carboplatin and paclitaxel, or sequential therapy with anthracycline | As yet unpublished | As yet unpublished |
|
Fig. 1Remote metastases-free survival in the MonarchE study (data from 24 ).
Fig. 2Comparison of disease-free survival in the ATAC study with a 33.3-month follow-up and invasive disease-free survival in the MonarchE study with a 15-month follow-up (data from 24 ).
Table 2 Comparison of inclusion and exclusion criteria of (post-)adjuvant therapy studies with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
| Criterion | PALLAS | MonarchE | NATALEE | PENELOPE-B |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, ECG = electrocardiography, GFR = glomerular filtration rate, INR = International normalized ratio, QTcF = QT interval corrected with the Fridericia formula, ULN = upper limit of normal | ||||
|
| ≥ 18 years | ≥ 18 years | ≥ 18 years | ≥ 18 years |
|
| AJCC stage II: T0/T1 N1 T2 N0 T2 N1 T3 N0 T0/T1 N2 T2 N2 T3 N1/N2 | T1–T4 and N1 with ≥ 4 ipsilateral positive axillary lymph nodes 1 – 3 ipsilateral positive axillary lymph nodes and at least one of the following criteria: G3 tumour size ≥ 5 cm Ki-67 ≥ 20% | T0/T1 N2 T2 N2 T3 N1/N2 T0/T1 N1 T2 N1 T3 N0 or T2 N0 with G3 or G2 and Ki-67 ≥ 20% or oncotype DX ≥ 26, PAM50 high risk, MammaPrint high risk, EndoPredict high risk | ≥ ypT1 or |
|
| HR+/HER2− | HR+/HER2− | HR+/HER2− | HR+/HER2− and CPS-EG score of ≥ 3 or CPS-EG of 2 with N+ |
|
| Randomisation within 12 months of initial diagnosis and a maximum of 6 months after the commencement of endocrine therapy | Randomisation within 16 months of surgery and at least 21 days after the last chemotherapy and at least 14 days after the final radiotherapy | Randomisation within 18 months of initial diagnosis and no more than 6 months after the commencement of endocrine therapy or “high risk” on the basis of a gene expression test (Onkotype DX, Prosigna, MammaPrint or EndoPredict) | Randomisation within 16 weeks of surgery or maximum 10 weeks after completion of radiotherapy |
|
| ≤ 1 | ≤ 1 | ≤ 1 | ≤ 1 |
|
| QTcF < 480 ms | No limit specified | QTcF < 450 ms | QTcF < 480 ms |
Fig. 3Progression-free survival ( a ) and overall survival ( b ) for randomisation arms in the ASCENT study (SG = sacituzumab govitecan; TPC = treatment of physicianʼs choice. Data from 60 , survival rates were added).
Fig. 4Perspectives for digital medicine.
Tab. 1 Übersicht über die bereits berichteten und noch nicht berichteten neoadjuvanten Studien mit einem PD1- oder PD-L1-Inhibitor.
| Name der Studie | Population | Anzahl der Patientinnen | Datum der ersten Veröffentlichung | Welche Therapien werden miteinander verglichen? | pCR-Raten in den Armen | Überlebensdaten aus beiden Armen | Literaturstelle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * statistisch nicht signifikant nach präspezifiziertem Analyseplan inklusive Interimsanalysen | |||||||
|
| triple-negativer Brustkrebs | 174 | 01.08.2019 | Durvalumab versus Placebo mit nab-Paclitaxel gefolgt von EC | 47/88 (54,4%) im Durvalumab-Arm vs. 38/86 (44,2%) mit Placebo | noch nicht publiziert |
|
|
| triple-negativer Brustkrebs | 602 | 27.02.2020 | Pembrolizumab vs. Placebo plus Paclitaxel und Carboplatin | 64,8% im Pembrolizumab-Arm vs. 51,2% im Placeboarm | Event-free Survival mit einer HR zugunsten des Pembrolizumab-Arms (HR = 0,63; 95%-KI: 0,43 – 0,93*) |
|
|
| östrogenrezeptorpositiv, HER2− | geplant: 1140 | 26.05.2019 | Pembrolizumab vs. Placebo mit neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie und adjuvanter endokriner Therapie | noch nicht publiziert | noch nicht publiziert |
|
|
| triple-negativer Brustkrebs | 280 | 12.12.2019 | Atezolizumab vs. Placebo mit Carboplatin und nab-Paclitaxel | 43,5% mit Atezolizumab vs. 40,8% mit alleiniger Chemotherapie | noch nicht publiziert |
|
|
| triple-negativer Brustkrebs | 455 | 20.09.2020 | Atezolizumab vs. Placebo mit Chemotherapie | 95/165 (58%) vs. 69/168 (41%) | Event-free Survival (HR = 0,76, 95%-KI: 0,40 – 1,44) |
|
|
| triple-negativer Brustkrebs | geplant: 1520 | noch nicht publiziert | Atezolizumab vs. Placebo mit neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie | noch nicht publiziert | noch nicht publiziert |
|
|
| hormonrezeptorpositiv, HER2-negativ, postmenopausal | geplant: 136 | noch nicht publiziert | Nivolumab, Abemaciclib, Palbociclib und Anastrozol | noch nicht publiziert | noch nicht publiziert |
|
|
| HER2-positiv | geplant: 650 | noch nicht publiziert | Atezolizumab vs. Placebo mit Trastuzumab, Pertuzuman, Carboplatin und Paclitaxel oder sequenzieller Therapie mit Anthrazyklin | noch nicht publiziert | noch nicht publiziert |
|
Abb. 1Fernmetastasenfreies Überleben in der MonarchE-Studie (Daten aus 24 ).
Abb. 2Vergleich des krankheitsfreien Überlebens in der ATAC-Studie mit einem 33,3-Monats-Follow-up und dem invasiven krankheitsfreien Überleben in der MonarchE-Studie mit einem 15-monatigem Follow-up (Daten aus 24 ).
Tab. 2 Vergleich der Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien der (post-)adjuvanten Therapiestudien mit CDK4/6-Inhibitoren.
| Kriterium | PALLAS | MonarchE | NATALEE | PENELOPE-B |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT = Alanin-Aminotransferase; AST = Aspartat-Aminotransferase; EKG = Elektrokardiografie; GFR = glomeruläre Filtrationsrate; INR = International normalized Ratio; QTcF = QT-Intervall korrigiert nach Fridericia; ULN = Upper Limit of Normal (oberer Grenzwert) | ||||
|
| ≥ 18 Jahre | ≥ 18 Jahre | ≥ 18 Jahre | ≥ 18 Jahre |
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| AJCC Stadium II: T0/T1 N1 T2 N0 T2 N1 T3 N0 T0/T1 N2 T2 N2 T3 N1/N2 | T1-T4 und N1 mit ≥ 4 ipsilaterale positiven axilläre Lymphknoten 1 – 3 ipsilaterale positive axilläre Lymphknoten und mindestens eins der folgenden Kriterien: G3 Tumorgröße ≥ 5 cm Ki-67 ≥ 20% | T0/T1 N2 T2 N2 T3 N1/N2 T0/T1 N1 T2 N1 T3 N0 oder T2 N0 mit G3 oder G2 und Ki-67 ≥ 20% oder Oncotype DX ≥ 26, PAM50 high risk, MammaPrint high risk, EndoPredict high risk | ≥ ypT1 oder |
|
| HR+/HER2− | HR+/HER2− | HR+/HER2− | HR+/HER2− und CPS-EG Score ≥ 3 oder CPS-EG von 2 bei N+ |
|
| Randomisierung innerhalb von 12 Monaten nach Erstdiagnose und maximal 6 Monate nach Start der endokrinen Therapie | Randomisierung innerhalb von 16 Monaten nach Operation und mindestens 21 Tage nach der letzten Chemotherapie und mindestens 14 Tage nach der letzten Radiatio | Randomisierung innerhalb von 18 Monaten nach Erstdiagnose und maximal 6 Monate nach Start der endokrinen Therapie oder „hohes Risiko“ als Ergebnis eines Genexpressionstests (Onkotype DX, Prosigna, MammaPrint oder EndoPredict) | Randomisierung innerhalb von 16 Wochen nach der OP oder maximal 10 Wochen nach Abschluss der Radiatio |
|
| ≤ 1 | ≤ 1 | ≤ 1 | ≤ 1 |
|
| QTcF < 480 ms | kein Grenzwert gefordert | QTcF < 450 ms | QTcF < 480 ms |
Abb. 3Progressionsfreies Überleben ( a ) und Gesamtüberleben ( b ) nach Randomisationsarmen in der ASCENT-Studie (SG = Sacituzumab Govitecan; TCP = Behandlung nach Wahl des Arztes. Daten aus 60 , Überlebenswerte wurden ergänzt).
Abb. 4Perspektiven einer digitalen Medizin.