| Literature DB >> 33795898 |
Juan José Meléndez-Lugo1, Yaset Caicedo2, Mónica Guzmán-Rodríguez3, José Julián Serna4,5,6,7, Juliana Ordoñez5, Edison Angamarca8, Alberto García4,5,6, Luis Fernando Pino5,7, Laureano Quintero5,9, Michael W Parra10, Carlos A Ordoñez4,5,6.
Abstract
Damage control resuscitation should be initiated as soon as possible after a trauma event to avoid metabolic decompensation and high mortality rates. The aim of this article is to assess the position of the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) from Cali, Colombia regarding prehospital care, and to present our experience in the implementation of the "Stop the Bleed" initiative within Latin America. Prehospital care is phase 0 of damage control resuscitation. Prehospital damage control must follow the guidelines proposed by the "Stop the Bleed" initiative. We identified that prehospital personnel have a better perception of hemostatic techniques such as tourniquet use than the hospital providers. The use of tourniquets is recommended as a measure to control bleeding. Fluid management should be initiated using low volume crystalloids, ideally 250 cc boluses, maintaining the principle of permissive hypotension with a systolic blood pressure range between 80- and 90-mm Hg. Hypothermia must be management using warmed blankets or the administration of intravenous fluids warmed prior to infusion. However, these prehospital measures should not delay the transfer time of a patient from the scene to the hospital. To conclude, prehospital damage control measures are the first steps in the control of bleeding and the initiation of hemostatic resuscitation in the traumatically injured patient. Early interventions without increasing the transfer time to a hospital are the keys to increase survival rate of severe trauma patients.Entities:
Keywords: Blood Volume; Compartment Syndromes; Crystalloid Solutions; Damage Control; Emergency Medical Services; Hemorrhagic; Hemostatic Techniques; Hypothermia; Prehospital care; Reperfusion; Shock; Tourniquets; Trauma; hemorrhage
Year: 2020 PMID: 33795898 PMCID: PMC7968431 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i4.4486
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Figure 1Combat Application Tourniquets being placed on a patient with extremity trauma at the scene.
Figure 2Five points to consider in the prehospital application of a tourniquet , .
Figure 3Management algorithm for prehospital hemorrhage control
Clinical criteria to establish the goals of intravenous fluid therapy such as time to hospital arrival, mechanism of trauma, and traumatic brain injury - .
| Parameter | Indication for IV infusion |
|---|---|
| Time to hospital arrival | >10-15min of transport time |
| Mechanism of trauma | Penetrating trauma: SBP <60-70 mmHg |
| Blunt trauma: SBP <80-90 mmHg | |
| Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | Penetrating trauma + TBI: SBP <100-110 mmHg |
Figura 1Torniquete de aplicación en combate siendo colocado en un paciente con trauma de extremidad en la escena.
Figura 2Cinco referentes del manejo de un torniquete prehospitalario ,
Figura 3Algoritmo de control de sangrado prehospitalario de paciente con trauma
Determinantes principales para establecer metas de fluidoterapia como tiempo de traslado, mecanismo de trauma y compromiso neurológico -.
| Factor | Indicación |
|---|---|
| Tiempo de arribo al hospital | >10-15min de tiempo de transporte |
| Mecanismo de trauma | Trauma penetrante: pas <60-70 mm Hg |
| Trauma cerrado: pas <80-90 mm Hg | |
| trauma craneo-encefálico (tce) | trauma cerrado + tce: pas <100-110 mmHg |
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| Damage control resuscitation should be initiated as soon as possible after a trauma event to avoid metabolic decompensation and high mortality rates. The aim of this article is to describe the pre-hospital attention principles and our experience regarding Stop the Bleed initiative within Latin America. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| The use of tourniquets is recommended as a measure to control bleeding. Fluid management should be initiated using low volume crystalloids keeping the permissive hypotension principle. Hypothermia must be management using warmed blankets or the administration of intravenous fluids warmed prior to infusion. However, these prehospital measures should not delay the transfer time of a patient from the scene to the hospital. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| Prehospital damage control measures are the first steps in the control of bleeding and the initiation of hemostatic resuscitation in the traumatically injured patient. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| La resucitación en el control de daños debe iniciarse lo más rápido posible después de presentado el evento traumático para evitar descompensación metabólica y aumento de la mortalidad. El objetivo de este artículo presentar los principios de la atención prehospitalaria y la experiencia en la implementación de la iniciativa “Stop the Bleed” en Latinoamérica. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| Se recomienda el uso de torniquetes como medida de control de sangrado en extremidades. El manejo de líquidos debe realizarse usando cristaloides a bajos volúmenes para cumplir el principio de la hipotensión permisiva. Se debe evitar la hipotermia con el uso de sábanas térmicas o paso de líquidos calientes. Estas medidas no deben retrasar en ningún momento el tiempo de traslado para recibir la atención hospitalaria. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| La atención prehospitalaria es el paso inicial para garantizar las primeras medidas de control de sangrado y de resucitación hemostática de los pacientes. |