| Literature DB >> 34188323 |
Mario Alain Herrera1,2, Mauricio Millán3,4, Ana Milena Del Valle5, Mateo Betancourt-Cajiao6, Yaset Caicedo7, Isabella Caicedo7, Linda M Gallego3, Diego Rivera8, Michael W Parra9, Carlos A Ordoñez2,3,10.
Abstract
Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.Entities:
Keywords: Advanced Trauma Life Support Care; Ankle Brachial Index; Axillary Artery; Endovascular Procedures; Fasciotomy; Femoral Artery; Peripheral vascular trauma; Popliteal Artery; Tourniquets; Vascular System Injuries; damage control surgery; hemodynamically unstable; vascular trauma of the extremities
Year: 2021 PMID: 34188323 PMCID: PMC8216047 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4735
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Hard and Soft Signs of Peripheral Vascular Injury
| Hard Signs | Soft Signs |
|---|---|
| ⏺ Pulsatile Bleeding | ⏺ Non-Pulsatile Bleeding |
| ⏺ Expanding/ Pulsatile Hematoma | ⏺ Non-expanding/Non-Pulsatile |
| ⏺ Loss of Distal Pulses | ⏺ Hematoma |
| ⏺ Bruit/Thrill | ⏺ Diminished Pulse |
| ⏺ History of (massive) Arterial Bleeding/Hypotension | |
| ⏺ Previously Applied Tourniquet | |
| ⏺ Neurologic Deficit | |
| ⏺ Wound in Proximity to Named Vessel |
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Classification of Peripheral Vascular Trauma. AAST Peripheral Vascular Trauma Classification
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Digital Artery/Vein, Palmar Artery/Vein, Deep Palmar Artery/Vein, Pedis Dorsalis Artery, Plantar Artery/Vein |
| II | Cephalic/Basilic Vein, Saphenous Vein, Radial Artery, Cubital Artery |
| III | Axilary Vein, Deep/Superficial Femoral Vein, Popliteal Vein, Brachial Artery, Anterior Tibial Artery, Posterior Tibial Artery, Peroneal Artery, Tibio-Peroneal Trunck |
| IV | Deep/Superficial Femoral Artery, Popliteal Artery |
| V | Axillary Artery, Common Femoral Artery |
Figure 1Surgical approach to the axillary artery. The axillary artery can be accessed through an inverted “S” shaped incision starting at the pectoralis major muscle, curving in the axillary fossa and ending in the arm between the bicep and tricep muscles. This incision prevents future scar retraction and functional limitation of the shoulder joint.
Figure 2Surgical approach to the popliteal artery. The popliteal artery can be accessed via a posterior “S” shaped incision starting in the posteromedial region of the thigh, crossing parallel in the mid popliteal fossa and ending vertically in the postero-lateral region of the leg. Afterward, subcutaneous tissue should be dissected down the midline until the popliteal vessels are exposed, carefully not injuring the tibial and/or peroneal nerves.
Signos Clínicos de Lesión Vascular Periférica
| Signos duros | Signos blandos |
|---|---|
| ⏺ Sangrado pulsátil | ⏺ Sangrado no pulsátil |
| ⏺ Hematoma expansivo o pulsátil | ⏺ Hematoma no expansivo / no pulsátil |
| ⏺ Perdida de pulso distal | ⏺ Pulso disminuido |
| ⏺ Thrill | ⏺ Historia de sangrado arterial masivo / hipotensión |
| ⏺ Previo uso de torniquete | |
| ⏺ Déficit neurológico | |
| ⏺ Herida en proximidad al trayecto vascular (a un vaso con nombre) |
Clasificación de la American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) del trauma vascular periféricoClasificación de la AAST de Trauma Vascular Periférico
| Grado | Descripción |
|---|---|
| I | Arteria/Vena Digital, Arteria/Vena Palmar, Arteria/Vena Palmar Profunda, Arteria Pedis Dorsalis (Pedia Dorsal), Arteria/Vena Plantar. |
| II | Vena Basílica/Cefálica, Vena Safena, Arteria Radial, Arteria Cubital |
| III | Vena Axilar, Vena Femoral Superficial/Profunda, Vena Poplítea, Arteria Braquial, Arteria Tibial Anterior, Arteria Tibial Posterior, Arteria Peronea, Tronco Tibio-Peroneo |
| IV | Arteria Femoral Superficial/Profunda, Arteria Poplítea |
| V | Arteria Axilar, Arteria Femoral Común |
Figura 1Abordaje quirúrgico de la arteria axilar en trauma vascular. La arteria axilar se puede acceder por medio de una incisión en forma de "S" invertida comenzando en el músculo pectoral mayor, arqueándose en la fosa axilar y terminando en el brazo entre los músculos bíceps y tríceps. Esta incisión evita la futura retracción de la cicatriz y la limitación funcional de la articulación del hombro.
Figura 2Abordaje quirúrgico de la arteria poplítea en trauma vascular. La arteria poplítea se puede acceder a través de una incisión en “S” iniciando en la región posteromedial del muslo, cruzando en paralelo sobre la fosa poplítea y terminando verticalmente en la región posterolateral de la pierna. Consecutivamente, se debe disecar el tejido celular subcutáneo a lo largo de la línea media hasta exponer los vasos poplíteos, con precaución de no lesionar los nervios tibial y peroneo.
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| A prompt and early intervention is required to improve outcomes and avoid complications. When facing hemodynamically unstable patients, control of hemorrhage becomes paramount, followed by reestablishing limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques, if required and indicated. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| Intervenciones oportunas y tempranas son necesarias para mejorar los resultados y evitar complicaciones. Ante un paciente con inestabilidad hemodinámica, el control de la hemorragia se convierte en la prioridad; luego, reestablecer la perfusión de la extremidad con un reparo primario o con técnicas de control de daños, si es necesario y está indicado. |