Paola A Suarez1, Mirella Díaz-Santos1, Maria J Marquine2, Lily Kamalyan2,3, Monica Rivera Mindt4,5, Anya Umlauf2, Robert K Heaton2, Igor Grant2, Mariana Cherner2. 1. Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence-Cultural Neuropsychology Program, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA. 2. Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 3. San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA. 4. Department of Psychology and Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, The Bronx, NY, USA. 5. Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Despite the wide use of the Trail Making Test (TMT), there is a lack of normative data for Spanish speakers living in the USA. Here we describe the development of regional norms for the TMT for native Spanish speakers residing in the Southwest Mexico-Border Region of the USA. METHOD: Participants were 252 healthy native Spanish speakers, 58% women, from ages 19 to 60, and ranging in education from 0 to 20 years, recruited in San Diego, CA and Tucson, AZ. All completed the TMT in Spanish along with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery as part of their participation in the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Univariable and interactive effects of demographics on test performance were examined. T-scores were calculated using fractional polynomial equations to account for linear and any non-linear effects of age, education, and sex. RESULTS: Older age and lower education were associated with worse scores on both TMT A and B. No sex differences were found. The newly derived T-scores showed no association with demographic variables and displayed the expected 16% rates of impairment using a -1 SD cut point based on a normal distribution. By comparison, published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites applied to the current data yielded significantly higher impairment for both TMT A and B with more comparable rates using non-Hispanic African Americans norms. CONCLUSIONS: Population-specific, demographically adjusted regional norms improve the utility and diagnostic accuracy of the TMT for use with native Spanish speakers in the US-Mexico Border region.
OBJECTIVE: Despite the wide use of the Trail Making Test (TMT), there is a lack of normative data for Spanish speakers living in the USA. Here we describe the development of regional norms for the TMT for native Spanish speakers residing in the Southwest Mexico-Border Region of the USA. METHOD: Participants were 252 healthy native Spanish speakers, 58% women, from ages 19 to 60, and ranging in education from 0 to 20 years, recruited in San Diego, CA and Tucson, AZ. All completed the TMT in Spanish along with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery as part of their participation in the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Univariable and interactive effects of demographics on test performance were examined. T-scores were calculated using fractional polynomial equations to account for linear and any non-linear effects of age, education, and sex. RESULTS: Older age and lower education were associated with worse scores on both TMT A and B. No sex differences were found. The newly derived T-scores showed no association with demographic variables and displayed the expected 16% rates of impairment using a -1 SD cut point based on a normal distribution. By comparison, published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites applied to the current data yielded significantly higher impairment for both TMT A and B with more comparable rates using non-Hispanic African Americans norms. CONCLUSIONS: Population-specific, demographically adjusted regional norms improve the utility and diagnostic accuracy of the TMT for use with native Spanish speakers in the US-Mexico Border region.
Authors: J C Arango-Lasprilla; D Rivera; A Aguayo; W Rodríguez; M T Garza; C P Saracho; Y Rodríguez-Agudelo; A Aliaga; G Weiler; M Luna; M Longoni; N Ocampo-Barba; J Galarza-Del-Angel; I Panyavin; A Guerra; L Esenarro; P García de la Cadena; C Martínez; P B Perrin Journal: NeuroRehabilitation Date: 2015 Impact factor: 2.138
Authors: Marc A Norman; David J Moore; Michael Taylor; Donald Franklin; Lucette Cysique; Chris Ake; Deborah Lazarretto; Florin Vaida; Robert K Heaton Journal: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol Date: 2011-06-24 Impact factor: 2.475
Authors: Anne Heaton; Amanda Gooding; Mariana Cherner; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Monica Rivera Mindt; Paola Suárez; Lidia Artiola I Fortuni; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2020-02-20 Impact factor: 4.373
Authors: Lily Kamalyan; Mariam A Hussain; Monica M Diaz; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Mariana Cherner; Monica Rivera Mindt; Lidia Artiola I Fortuny; Igor Grant; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2019-12-17 Impact factor: 3.535
Authors: Anne Heaton; Amanda Gooding; Mariana Cherner; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Monica Rivera Mindt; Paola Suárez; Lidia Artiola I Fortuni; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2020-02-20 Impact factor: 4.373
Authors: Lily Kamalyan; Mariam A Hussain; Monica M Diaz; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Mariana Cherner; Monica Rivera Mindt; Lidia Artiola I Fortuny; Igor Grant; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2019-12-17 Impact factor: 3.535