J C Arango-Lasprilla1,2, D Rivera2, A Aguayo3, W Rodríguez4, M T Garza5, C P Saracho6, Y Rodríguez-Agudelo7, A Aliaga8, G Weiler9, M Luna10, M Longoni11, N Ocampo-Barba12, J Galarza-Del-Angel13, I Panyavin2, A Guerra14, L Esenarro15, P García de la Cadena16, C Martínez17, P B Perrin18. 1. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. 2. Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain. 3. Instituto Vocacional Enrique Díaz de León, Guadalajara, Mexico. 4. Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico. 5. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico. 6. CETYS University, Mexicali, Mexico. 7. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City, Mexico. 8. Servicio Médico Legal, Ministerio de Justicia, Santiago, Chile. 9. Instituto de Prevención Social, Asunción, Paraguay. 10. Universidad Dr, José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador. 11. Clínica de rehabilitación Las Araucarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 12. Fundación Horizontes, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. 13. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico. 14. Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz, Camaguey, Cuba. 15. Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. 16. Instituto de Neuropsicología y Demencias, Lima, Peru. 17. Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación, Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 18. Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Trail Making Test (TMT) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Honduras, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Bolivia. Each subject was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models for the TMT-A explained 23- 50% of the variance, and the final multiple linear models for the TMT-B explained 22- 49% of the variance. Although there were gender differences on the TMT in Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Honduras, only Honduras had an effect size greater than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were generated for the Trail Making Test-A, but not B, in this country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to create norms for the TMT in Latin America. As a result, this study will have important implications for the practice of neuropsychology in the future.
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Trail Making Test (TMT) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Honduras, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Bolivia. Each subject was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models for the TMT-A explained 23- 50% of the variance, and the final multiple linear models for the TMT-B explained 22- 49% of the variance. Although there were gender differences on the TMT in Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Honduras, only Honduras had an effect size greater than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were generated for the Trail Making Test-A, but not B, in this country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to create norms for the TMT in Latin America. As a result, this study will have important implications for the practice of neuropsychology in the future.
Entities:
Keywords:
Latin America; Normative data; Trail Making Test; executive function; reference values
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