Alejandra Morlett Paredes1, Jessica Carrasco1,2, Lily Kamalyan1,2, Mariana Cherner1, Anya Umlauf1, Monica Rivera Mindt3,4, Paola Suarez5, Lidia Artiola I Fortuny6, Donald Franklin1, Robert K Heaton1, María J Marquine1. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 2. Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. 3. Department of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA. 4. Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA. 5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 6. Private Practice, Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to develop norms applicable to Spanish-speakers living in the United States (U.S.)- Mexico border region for the Halstead Category Test (HCT), a test of executive function. METHODS: Healthy native Spanish-speakers (N = 252; Age: range 19-60 years, M = 37.28, SD = 10.24; Education: range 0-20 years; M = 10.65, SD = 4.33; 58.33% women) living in the U.S.-Mexico border region of California and Arizona completed the HCT as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. The univariable and interactive effects of demographic variables on HCT raw scores were examined. Total scores were normed using fractional polynomial equations, controlling for age, education, and gender. T-scores were also computed for HCT scores of the current Spanish-speaking normative sample using published, demographically-adjusted norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. Impairment rates (T-Scores < 40) were calculated using published and current norms. RESULTS: Age was significantly associated with increased number of errors, and education and male gender were associated with decreased number of HCT errors (total raw scores). Applying norms developed for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks resulted in overestimation of impairment rates in the current sample (impairment: 48% with White norms and 27% with Black norms). This pattern was evident across levels of education except in participants with 13+ years of education, where rates of impairment using non-Hispanic Black norms were comparable to those based on newly developed norms. CONCLUSION: The present study presents norms for the HCT in a sample of U.S. Spanish-speakers, providing an important tool for identifying executive dysfunction in this population.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to develop norms applicable to Spanish-speakers living in the United States (U.S.)- Mexico border region for the Halstead Category Test (HCT), a test of executive function. METHODS: Healthy native Spanish-speakers (N = 252; Age: range 19-60 years, M = 37.28, SD = 10.24; Education: range 0-20 years; M = 10.65, SD = 4.33; 58.33% women) living in the U.S.-Mexico border region of California and Arizona completed the HCT as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. The univariable and interactive effects of demographic variables on HCT raw scores were examined. Total scores were normed using fractional polynomial equations, controlling for age, education, and gender. T-scores were also computed for HCT scores of the current Spanish-speaking normative sample using published, demographically-adjusted norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. Impairment rates (T-Scores < 40) were calculated using published and current norms. RESULTS: Age was significantly associated with increased number of errors, and education and male gender were associated with decreased number of HCT errors (total raw scores). Applying norms developed for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks resulted in overestimation of impairment rates in the current sample (impairment: 48% with White norms and 27% with Black norms). This pattern was evident across levels of education except in participants with 13+ years of education, where rates of impairment using non-Hispanic Black norms were comparable to those based on newly developed norms. CONCLUSION: The present study presents norms for the HCT in a sample of U.S. Spanish-speakers, providing an important tool for identifying executive dysfunction in this population.
Authors: M Cherner; P Suarez; D Lazzaretto; L Artiola I Fortuny; Monica Rivera Mindt; S Dawes; Thomas Marcotte; I Grant; R Heaton Journal: Arch Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2007-02-12 Impact factor: 2.813
Authors: Kaitlin B Casaletto; Anya Umlauf; Maria Marquine; Jennifer L Beaumont; Daniel Mungas; Richard Gershon; Jerry Slotkin; Natacha Akshoomoff; Robert K Heaton Journal: J Int Neuropsychol Soc Date: 2016-01-28 Impact factor: 2.892