María J Marquine1, David Yassai-Gonzalez1, Alan Perez-Tejada1, Anya Umlauf1, Lily Kamalyan1,2, Alejandra Morlett Paredes1, Paola Suarez3, Monica Rivera Mindt4,5, Donald Franklin1, Lidia Artiola I Fortuny6, Mariana Cherner1, Robert K Heaton1. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. 2. San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. 3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. 4. Department of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University, The Bronx, New York, USA. 5. Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. 6. Private Practice, Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is among the most commonly used tests of executive functioning. We aimed to generate normative data on the 64-item version of this test (WCST-64) for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. METHODS: Participants included 189 native Spanish-speakers (Age: 19-60; Education: 0-20; 59.3% female) from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project who completed the WCST-64. Univariable and interactive associations between demographic variables and raw scores were examined via Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests and linear regressions. T-scores for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, Conceptual Level Responses and Number of Categories) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with weights for age, education, and gender. Percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of impairment (T-score < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms and published norms for non-Hispanic English-speaking Whites and Blacks. RESULTS: Older age was associated with worse performance and education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores, with stronger education effects among females than males. The norms developed here resulted in expected rates of impairment (14-16% across measures). Applying published norms for non-Hispanic Blacks resulted in generally comparable impairment rates. In contrast, applying previously published norms for non-Hispanic Whites overestimated impairment (38-52% across measures). CONCLUSIONS: These data will enhance interpretation performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. Future work will need to examine the generalizability of these norms to other Hispanic/Latino groups.
OBJECTIVE: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is among the most commonly used tests of executive functioning. We aimed to generate normative data on the 64-item version of this test (WCST-64) for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. METHODS: Participants included 189 native Spanish-speakers (Age: 19-60; Education: 0-20; 59.3% female) from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project who completed the WCST-64. Univariable and interactive associations between demographic variables and raw scores were examined via Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests and linear regressions. T-scores for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, Conceptual Level Responses and Number of Categories) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with weights for age, education, and gender. Percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of impairment (T-score < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms and published norms for non-Hispanic English-speaking Whites and Blacks. RESULTS: Older age was associated with worse performance and education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores, with stronger education effects among females than males. The norms developed here resulted in expected rates of impairment (14-16% across measures). Applying published norms for non-Hispanic Blacks resulted in generally comparable impairment rates. In contrast, applying previously published norms for non-Hispanic Whites overestimated impairment (38-52% across measures). CONCLUSIONS: These data will enhance interpretation performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. Future work will need to examine the generalizability of these norms to other Hispanic/Latino groups.
Authors: Marc A Norman; David J Moore; Michael Taylor; Donald Franklin; Lucette Cysique; Chris Ake; Deborah Lazarretto; Florin Vaida; Robert K Heaton Journal: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol Date: 2011-06-24 Impact factor: 2.475
Authors: Anne Heaton; Amanda Gooding; Mariana Cherner; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Monica Rivera Mindt; Paola Suárez; Lidia Artiola I Fortuni; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2020-02-20 Impact factor: 4.373
Authors: Lily Kamalyan; Mariam A Hussain; Monica M Diaz; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Mariana Cherner; Monica Rivera Mindt; Lidia Artiola I Fortuny; Igor Grant; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2019-12-17 Impact factor: 3.535
Authors: Lily Kamalyan; Mariam A Hussain; Monica M Diaz; Anya Umlauf; Donald R Franklin; Mariana Cherner; Monica Rivera Mindt; Lidia Artiola I Fortuny; Igor Grant; Robert K Heaton; María J Marquine Journal: Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2019-12-17 Impact factor: 3.535
Authors: Marie Astrid Garrido; Lorenz Mark; Manuel Parra; Dennis Nowak; Katja Radon Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-05-31 Impact factor: 3.390