Endosaccular Flow Disruption: A New Frontier in Endovascular Aneurysm Management.

Flow modification has caused a paradigm shift in the management of intracranial aneurysms. Since the FDA approval of the Pipeline Embolization Device (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) in 2011, it has grown to become the modality of choice for a range of carefully selected lesions, previously not amenable to conventional endovascular techniques. While the vast majority of flow-diverting stents operate from within the parent artery (ie, endoluminal stents), providing a scaffold for endothelial cells growth at the aneurysmal neck while inducing intra-aneurysmal thrombosis, a smaller subset of endosaccular flow disruptors act from within the lesions themselves. To date, these devices have been used mostly in Europe, while only utilized on a trial basis in North America. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no dedicated review of these devices. We therefore sought to present a comprehensive review of currently available endosaccular flow disruptors along with high-resolution schematics, presented with up-to-date available literature discussing their technical indications, procedural safety, and reported outcomes. © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2019.

Conformité Européenne

Clinical Assessment of WEB Device in Ruptured AneurYSms

International Subarachnoid Aneurysm trial

International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm

middle cerebral artery

Medina Embolic Device

Woven EndoBridge

WEB® Intrasaccular Therapy

Since the emergence of the Guglielmi detachable coil in the late 1980s and early 1990s, treatment of intracranial aneurysms has entered an endovascular era which has served as a crucial adjunct to the gold standard of microsurgical clipping. The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm trial (ISAT) and International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) have established the exponential increase in utility of endovascular procedures for aneurysms treatment. Results of the ISAT showed that 1-yr disability or death occurred in 30.9% of patients treated via clipping vs only in 23.5% of patients in the coiling group.[1] Likewise, in patients with no prior history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the ISUIA reported overall 1-yr morbidity and mortality of 12.6% in clipping vs 9.8 for endovascular coiling.[2] Since then, continuous research and development have led to the generation of more innovative coil designs with improved results, such as those seen with hydrophilic coils. Adjunctive to this was the increased use of balloon and stent-assisted coiling, enabling higher packing densities while reducing coil herniation into the parent artery. Nevertheless, these innovations left room for improvement in the management of certain aneurysms subgroups, such as nonsaccular aneurysms, as well as saccular aneurysms with wide necks, and dome-to-neck ratios under 2, all of which tend to recanalize more often, with rates up to 18.2% in some series.[3,4] In an attempt to address this challenge, the neurovascular community has developed a number of flow-diverting stents, most of which are endoluminal. While endoluminal flow diverters function from within the parent artery by providing a scaffold for endothelial cell growth at the neck of the aneurysm and induction of intra-aneurysmal thrombosis,[5] endosaccular devices mimic the endoluminal devices but within the aneurysmal sac itself.[6] Our focus will be on endosaccular flow disruptors, reviewing the devices available

and up to date, along with the available literature discussing their procedural safety and treatment outcomes.

ADVENT OF FLOW DIVERSION AND DISRUPTION

Aneurysmal flow stagnation secondary to stent use was first noted related to stent-assisted coiling, with numerous studies describing accelerated thrombosis specifically felt to be related to the altered flow. This phenomenon of flow stagnation is 1 of 2 central tenets of flow diversion, the other being neointimal proliferation and endothelialization over the aneurysm neck beginning at approximately 6 mo postprocedurally. The latter phenomenon is a unique advantage of flow diversion, which theoretically eliminates the possibility of recurrence that exists with coiling. While endoluminal flow diversion can be combined with coiling safely, a novel competing technology is that of endosaccular disruption, wherein the device occupies the lesion rather than the vessel thus promoting endothelialization with simultaneous mechanical occlusion. Moreover, lack of presence in the parent vessel is felt to imply that dual antiplatelet therapy is not required. This represents a substantial theoretical benefit because of potential issues such as medications interactions, safety concerns related to medical comorbidities, and prescription adherence, thus increasing ischemic stroke risk from in-stent thrombosis as well as pharmacological hemorrhagic stroke risk.

Several endosaccular flow disruptors have been developed, including the Woven EndoBridge (WEB; Microvention, Aliso Viejo, California), which was introduced in Europe in 2011, and Medina (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland), Artisse (formerly LUNA; Medtronic),[7,8] and the Contour and Cerus devices (Cerus Endovascular, Fremont, California). While not yet FDA-approved, these devices have received the Conformité Européenne (CE) mark, which signifies adherence to the health and safety standards of the European Economic Area. These standards are divided into implantable devices, external devices, and in vitro diagnostic devices each with separate directives.

Flow disruption technology has relatively scant evidence reporting long-term outcomes, although available data suggest that complications beyond 6 mo postprocedure are rare. Meanwhile, device technology is evolving rapidly, encompassing advances in control and precision of device placement, as well as growing operator experience and skill, all of which contributes to greater procedural safety. To our knowledge, this represents the most comprehensive review of technical specifications and representative outcome data for endosaccular flow disruptors to inform this fast-moving field.

AVAILABLE FLOW DISRUPTORS

Woven EndoBridge

The WEB (Microvention) device is designed to be placed completely within the aneurysm sac and span the ostium, where it disrupts local flow.[7] It is composed predominantly of a braided nitinol wire that holds a globular shape (Figure 1), which is intended to be used as a stand-alone therapy, where its properties and intrasaccular positioning should obviate antiplatelet prophylaxis. The original version consisted of a double layer; however, all second-generation configurations employ a single layer only (Table 1). This device has been comparatively well studied, with 8 prospective series in patients mostly harboring bifurcation aneurysms showing short- to mid-term occlusion rates of approximately 60% and generally low morbidity/mortality (Table 2).[9-17]

FIGURE 1.

Woven EndoBridge (WEB; Microvention) device with A, deployed view, and B, overhead view showing lowest porosity in highest-flow areas. The device is delivered with the C, proprietary VIA catheter, which possesses internal coils for stability and a Polytetrafluoroethylene liner. The D, high-density braiding has conceived for both neck and dome sealing.

TABLE 1.

Main Features of Intrasaccular Flow-Disrupting Devices

Device	Dimensions, mm	Structure	Coverage[a], %	Porosity, %	Pore size μm	Deployment	Resheathable	Comments
WEB	Diameter 3–11 Height 2–9	Available in 2 configurations (SL, SLS), both with EV	60	Not reported	Not reported	Electrothermal detachment; delivered via a ≥0.17-inch microcatheter	Yes, completely	Proximal and distal radiopaque markers
Medina	Not reported	3D coil with “petal” filamentsb	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Mechanical detachment	Yes, completely	Hybrid flow disruption device and detachable coil with filaments that have shape memory
Artisse (LUNA)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Mechanical detachment	Not reported	Oval shape designed to treat small aneurysms
Contour	Not reported	Dual-layer radiopaque shape-memory mesh	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Electrolytical detachment	Yes, completely	Flat disc which after deployment, assumes a tulip-like configuration
Cerus Intrasaccular Stent	Not reported	Dual-layer radiopaque shape-memory mesh	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Electrolytical detachment	Yes, completely	Can be coiled through per operator preference

EV, enhanced visualization; SL, single layer (standard; barrel shaped); SLS, single layer sphere; WEB, Woven EndoBridge.

At aneurysm outflow.

Available in framing and filling styles (filler softer and designed to fill internal space after framing device has been deployed to provide a suitable basket).

TABLE 2.

Outcomes From Key Trials of Intrasaccular Flow-Disrupting Devices

Device	Study	Description	Patients, N	Aneurysms, N	Indication(s)	Occlusion rate, %	Morbidity, %	Mortality, %
WEB	Pierot et al[9]	WEBCAST: prospective, multicenter, European trial of WEB DL	51	51	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck (≥4 mm); bifurcation aneurysms, mean neck diameter 5.6 mm	56.1a(6 mo)	2.0 (1 mo)	0 (1 mo)
	Pierot et al[11]	French observatory: prospective, multicenter, French GCP study of WEB-DL (30 patients/31 aneurysms) and WEB SL/SLS (32 patients with 32 aneurysms)	62	63	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck (≥4 mm) bifurcation aneurysms	51.7b (1 yr)	3.2 (1 mo)	0 (1 mo)
	Pierot et al[10]	WEBCAST 2: prospective, multicenter, European Registry study of WEB SL/SLS and EV	55	55	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck (≥4 mm) bifurcation aneurysms, mean neck diameter 4.6 mm	54.0	1.8 (1 mo)	0 (1 mo)
	Papagiannaki et al[12]	Retrospective, multicenter, French cohort study of WEB DL	83	85	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck (>4 mm) aneurysms, mean neck diameter 5.6 mm	56.9 (mean follow-up, 5.3 mo)c	1.3	0
	Clajus et al[13]	Retrospective, single-center cohort study of WEB DL (49 devices), WEB SL (44 devices), and WEB SLS (17 devices)	108	114d	Predominantly wide-neck (dome:neck <2 or neck ≥4 mm), anterior aneurysms, 47 patients with SAH	57.8 (mean follow-up, 13.4 mo)e	5.3f	8.5f
	Mine et al[14]	Retrospective, multicenter cohort study of WEB DL	48	49	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck, mostly MCA bifurcation aneurysms, mean neck diameter 4.9 mm	74.3g (12 mo)72i (mean follow-up, 39 mo)	6.2h	0
	Caroff et al[15]	Retrospective, multicenter, European cohort study of WEB SL	90	98	Predominantly wide-neck, bifurcation aneurysms, 66% unruptured, mean neck 5.2 mm, including 11 patients requiring planned or unplanned additional treatment	65j (average follow-up, 3.3 mo)	2.2k (average follow-up, 3.8 mo)	1.1k (average follow-up, 3.8 mo)
	Lawson et al[16]	Retrospective, multicenter, UK registry safety study	109	109	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck, saccular aneurysms, 45% bifurcation, mean neck diameter 6.18 mm	–	0	0
	Popielski et al[22]	Retrospective, 2-center, European cohort study of WEB SL and WEB SLS	101	102	Predominantly wide-neck and fundus width between 3 and 10 mm MCA and anterior communicating aneurysm (AComA) aneurysms, 63.7% unruptured, median neck diameter 4.6 mm	80.7% (3 mo)l77.6% (12 mo)m	4	1
	van Rooij et al[21]	Retrospective, single-center European cohort	100	100	Predominantly wide-neck (66% ≥4 mm) AComA (44%) and posterior communicating aneurysm (22%) aneurysms, all ruptured	96% (at 3 mo)n	3	1
	van Rooij et al[17]	Retrospective, single-center European cohort	40	46	Predominantly ruptured (54%) very small AcomA and MCA aneurysms (height/dome ratio ≤0.5)	72% (at 3 mo)o	4	1
Medina	Sourour et al[28]	Retrospective, single-center cohort study	12	13	Predominantly unruptured, wide-neck (dome:neck <2 or neck diameter ≥4 mm) aneurysms	83p (mean follow-up, 5.2 mo)	0?	0?
	Aguilar Perez et al[26]	Retrospective, single-center cohort study	15	16	Predominantly unruptured aneurysms with a fundus diameter ≥5 mm	81q (mean follow-up, 1.7 mo)	0?	0?
	Bhogal et. al[29]	Retrospective, single-center cohort study	13	14	Predominantly unruptured spherical or ovoid aneurysms >5 mm	71r (mean follow-up, 3.2 mo)	23	0
Artisse (LUNA)	Piotin et al[32]	Prospective, multicenter European cohort	63	64	Predominantly unruptured bifurcation or terminal aneurysms, mean neck diameter 3.8 mm	78.0%s (12 mo)79.2%t (36 mo)	0 (12 mo)1.6 (36 mo)	1.6

EV, enhanced visualization; MCA, middle cerebral artery; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SL, single layer (standard; barrel shaped); SLS, single layer sphere; WEB, Woven EndoBridge; WEBCAST, WEB Clinical Assessment of Intrasaccular Aneurysm Therapy.

aForty-one patients (29.3% had neck remnants).

bFifty-eight patients (27.6% had neck remnants).

cSixty-five aneurysms (35.4% had neck remnants).

dOne hundred ten devices successfully deployed.

eNinety aneurysms (17.8% neck remnants).

fNinety-four patients.

gThirty-five aneurysms (including 2 retreated).

hForty-eight patients.

iTwenty-five aneurysms (including 2 retreated).

jSixty-nine patients.

kFifty-two patients.

lSeventy-eight patients.

mForty-nine patients.

nSeventy-four patients (23% had neck remnants).

oThirty-nine aneurysms (23% had neck remnants).

pThirteen aneurysms.

qEleven aneurysms (45% had neck remnants).

rFourteen aneurysms (45% had neck remnants).

sFifty-nine patients.

tFifty-three patients.

These prospective studies evaluated either or both the original double-layer and the second-generation single-layer versions, and outcomes do not appear to discriminate between them. There are multiple other smaller studies reporting short-term outcomes, which do not add new revelations. The largest series to date with longest follow-up reported the cumulative anatomical and clinical data of the 3 landmark prospective studies (WEBCAST-1, French Observatory, and WEBCAST-2), comprising 168 patients with 169 aneurysms, with reported treatment feasibility of 96.4% and 1-mo morbidity and mortality rates of 1.2 and 0%, respectively. The 1-yr treatment success (defined as complete aneurysmal occlusion or neck remnant) was achieved in 78% of patients. This was further corroborated by a recent systematic review comprising 940 patients who were harboring 962 aneurysms, reporting that the WEB device has a potentially large learning curve, and while the device seemed to demonstrate acceptable mid-term occlusion rates (81%), mortality and procedural-related complication rates were not negligible, warranting further comparisons with other treatment options.[18] The ability to draw definite conclusions was hindered by lack of long-term follow-up. The WEB® Intrasaccular Therapy study (WEB-IT; NCT02191618) is a US investigational device exemption study evaluating the WEB device in wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms; this study is well underway, with a primary outcome completion due in March 2021. Preliminary findings showed a high level of procedural safety and technical success.[19]

As is the case with most flow diverters, the majority of treated aneurysms are unruptured. Given delayed occlusion following flow diversion, the potential risk of aneurysmal rebleeding following rupture necessitates a rapid securing of the aneurysm. Moreover, with dual antiplatelet therapy the potential need for additional invasive procedures over the course of subarachnoid hemorrhage management (eg, ventriculostomy insertions) could carry a theoretical higher risk of complications. However, with the WEB device being completely intrasaccular, a putative advantage is the lack of mandatory dual antiplatelet prophylaxis, which should mitigate concerns surrounding hemorrhagic complication. While still scant, there is growing evidence supporting the use of WEB in ruptured aneurysms.[15,20-22] The biggest cohort of 100 patients was reported by van Rooij et al.[21] in which the authors reported adequate occlusion (complete occlusion or neck remnant) in 96% of patients (71 of 74). However, thromboembolic complication rates appeared to be high (9%), which is consistent with previous meta-analysis[23] and suggests the need for further optimization of antiplatelet regimens. Moreover, the study was limited by a short follow-up period (3 mo). The CLARYS (Clinical Assessment of WEB Device in Ruptured AneurYSms; NCT02687607) is an ongoing prospective trial currently in France, with a target follow-up of 12 mo, evaluating the safety and efficacy of WEB in patients with ruptured aneurysms. The primary outcome is rebleeding rates at 1 mo.

It is also essential that operators know what can be done in the context of recurrences. In the available literature, a variety of treatment options have been utilized to retreat recurrences after initial treatment with the WEB device. Since the WEB device is placed within the aneurysmal sac, the parent and branch vessels are unimpeded and can be accessed for any further retreatment or subsequent deployment of adjunctive devices during retreatment.[19] The WEBCAST, French Observatory, and WEBCAST 2 studies report a cumulative retreatment rate of 6.9%. The breakdown of retreatment approaches is as follows: 4 aneurysms with stents and coils, 4 aneurysms with flow diverters, 1 aneurysm with a stent only, 1 aneurysm with additional WEB and stent, and 1 aneurysm with additional WEB.[10,24] Concomitant flow diversion at the time of initial treatment way also be done at the cost of requiring dual antiplatelet therapy.[25] With the available data and our experience, we feel that WEB is best suited for the classical wide-necked and bifurcation aneurysms for which it was initially indicated. WEB, because of its compact nature and variable sizes, may be better suited for distal applications, such as the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation, relative to the other devices discussed. In the largest study to date, the Cumulative WEB good clinical practice (GCP) Study of 169 aneurysms, the MCA predominated at 50.9% of all lesions.[10]

Medina Embolic Device

The Medina (Medtronic) is a CE Mark-approved hybrid flow disruptor and coil system comprising a 3-dimensional, layered structure made from a radiopaque shape-set core wire, and shape-memory alloy filaments that form a self-expanding mesh (Figures 2A and 2B). The mesh resembles multiple “petals” that provide flow diversion; these lie along the axis of the core wire, and the device assumes a spherical shape upon deployment. This device is inserted by using a 0.021-inch microcatheter and can be resheathed and redeployed in a similar manner to standard coils (Table 1).[26] The smallest Medina currently available is 5 mm in diameter, limiting its use to aneurysms of at least this size.[27]

FIGURE 2.

The Medina (Medtronic) device forms A, a mesh scaffold of nitinol-platinum petals at the aneurysm neck by B, self-orienting along the axis of the core wire, whereas Artisse (Medtronic) deploys as a semi-fixed construct which may be C, flared or D, spheroid in nature.

Preliminary clinical results from a small series of 15 patients with wide-neck aneurysms are mixed and difficult to interpret because follow-up was relatively short in most cases, and in several patients, the Medina system was intended from the outset to be the first stage of a complex treatment strategy involving other implants (eg, endoluminal flow diverters or bifurcation stents). A small study (N = 12) with slightly longer follow-up found 83% complete occlusion rate at 6 mo (Table 2), but 85% of patients had adjunctive standard coiling, and aneurysms were heterogeneous, making the contribution of the Medina uncertain.[28]

Likewise, another small series study reported similar findings, with no short-term complications.[29] Whether the Medina may have a role alongside endoluminal devices in irregularly shaped aneurysms in achieving a synergistic occlusive effect and minimizing the overall number of devices used will be interesting to establish.[26] The same authors recently published their 25 patients series experience of patients treated only with a combination of Medina Embolic Device (MED) and intraluminal flow diversion, either sequentially (N = 9) or simultaneously (N = 16), using a jailing technique. Angiographic follow-up (mean = 9 mo) was available in 19 patients, with adequate occlusion achieved in 89% of cases, 3 of which had a neck remnant, and all were in the sequential group. The authors recommended this technique for giant aneurysms, nonspherical aneurysms carrying a high risk of neck remnant after MED-only treatment, and partially thrombosed aneurysms.[26]

In view of the available evidence, Medina is also well suited to wide-necked and bifurcation aneurysms. As opposed to WEB, which can be nimbly manoeuvred distally, Medina is probably best applied to the cavernous, supraclinoid, and paraopthlamic aneurysms. Furthermore, Medina could potentially be favored for larger aneurysms, whereas this is a downside of limited WEB sizes. The recent Karolinska experience suggests that Medina monotherapy is currently insufficient, and thus concomitant coiling or multiple devices may be required.[30] Medina allows for this, which is also potentially relevant in the setting of recurrence.

Artisse

The Artisse (formerly called LUNA; Medtronic) is a self-expanding braided implant made from a double layer of nitinol wire mesh secured at proximal and distal ends and clearly marked with radiopaque platinum markers (Figures 2C and 2D and Table 1). It is delivered via a standard 027 microcatheter or larger.[30] Similar to the WEB, it is intended to obviate dual antiplatelet therapy.[7] A shape-memory alloy called thin-film nitinol endoluminal component is also in the early stages of being evaluated for improving the elasticity, with the aim of improving deployment in tortuous vessels and minimizing complications.[31]

The current model possesses ovoid and flared configurations; however, it is currently subject to re-prototyping. The long-term results of the European LUNA aneurysm embolization system trial were recently published,[32] representing the largest data set available regarding the safety, efficacy, and procedural outcomes of this device, which are comparable but slightly less favorable than WEB (Table 2).

By further contrast, the profile of Artisse/Luna appears to permit safe deployment into sidewall lesions and small-necked bifurcation aneurysms such as anterior communicating. It remains to be seen if the same assertion can be made for vertebrobasilar sidewall lesions, but this is a natural extension of current successes.

Contour Neurovascular System

The Contour (Cerus Endovascular) is an intrasaccular flow diverter system, which is currently undergoing study in the EU with the aim of CE Mark approval. The device is constructed from a dual-layer radiopaque shape-memory mesh. While in fully unconstrained configuration, it has a flat disc-like shape. After deployment, the device assumes a tulip-like configuration, conforming to the wall of the lower hemisphere of the aneurysm and across the neck opening (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3.

A–C, Contour acts as both a neck and intrasaccular flow disruptor, the former of which is designed to promote neointimal growth without an intraluminal stabilizing component, and which D, aligns to the equatorial plane of the aneurysm.

The device is intentionally oversized to the neck and largest measured equatorial diameter of the aneurysm. The device is deployed through an 027 microcatheter and advanced with a pusher wire, and it exhibits controlled deployment as it “blooms” from the catheter tip. It can be reloaded and deployed a number of times, permitting an operator reposition across the neck of the aneurysm. The Contour is designed to seat across the neck with the marker position below the neck in the parent artery. The shape and configuration of the base of the device is designed to reconstruct the natural carina at the bifurcation. Hemodynamic flow and blood pressure at the base of the device transmits through the device and theoretically aids with stabilization within the lower hemisphere of the aneurysm. As the device is oversized to the largest-measured aneurysm diameter, it is constrained from opening further from any pressure applied at the device base. Once optimally positioned, it can be easily detached electrolytically by using any commercially available power supply and leads. The 6-mo and 12-mo data currently collected in an ongoing pilot study show promising results, with satisfactory operator feedback in regard to safety profile and ease of use. All aneurysms treated with the Contour have been unruptured aneurysms; however, as experience and understanding of the device grows, it is anticipated it will be able to treat some ruptured aneurysms.

Cerus Intrasaccular Stent

The design of the Cerus Intrasaccular Stent (Cerus Endovascular) derives from Contour, with the major difference being a radiopaque memory wire that has a 50% larger diameter and approximately 30 to 40% of the number of wires in its double-layer mesh construction compared to Contour. This is mainly to allow access through the mesh or between the mesh and aneurysm wall by a coiling microcatheter (Figure 4). Proceeding through or around the mesh is largely dictated by the size and shape of aneurysm and the corresponding device selected. The more the device is oversized to the aneurysm, the more the mesh at the neck of the device is constrained, and the operator at that point would access the aneurysm sac between the device mesh and aneurysm wall. In both animal studies and a number of clinical compassionate cases, either approach has proven successful.

FIGURE 4.

Cerus Intrasaccular Stent A–C, is designed to treat a wider range of aneurysm morphologies, requiring only neck sizing without a proprietary cathether. With a smaller intrasaccular profile, it permits D, adjunctive same-session coiling.

Unlike Contour, this device is only oversized to the neck opening of the aneurysm to provide coverage across the aneurysm neck and prevent device movement down into the parent artery as the aneurysm is being filled with coils. The coil mass within the aneurysm sac prevents the upward movement of the device into the sac of the aneurysm. Though the mesh density of this device is less than Contour, it also affords a degree of flow disruption at its neck. It is believed that this will serve to attenuate the water-hammer effect on the coil mass at the bifurcation, minimizing compaction and recurrence over time. Being completely intrasaccular, this device will serve to treat ruptured and unruptured aneurysms, differentiating it from other coil adjunctive devices on the market, which all have a significant parent vessel stabilizing component, requiring dual antiplatelet, and limiting their utility in treating ruptured aneurysms. Moreover, they do not inherently afford flow disruption properties. Similar to the Contour, it is detached electrolytically once the final coil is deployed in the aneurysmal sac.

While the Cerus systems do not have enough human data for a confident assertion, compassionate cases show promise at the internal carotid artery bifurcation and basilar apex. While countless flow modifiers and coil-support systems have entered the market for the basilar apex, the Contour and the Cerus Intrasaccular Stent may offer a nonendoluminal option focused on this region for unruptured and ruptured cases, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The neurointerventional community has rapidly entered an era of flow diversion and disruption, with the latter being looked to for its independence of dual antiplatelet therapy. This may be a boon particularly in ruptured aneurysms, and safety in unruptured lesions is promising. Limited data likely reflect a learning curve for some devices, and outcomes are improving with experience. Further studies are needed to relate technical specifications to device performance and outcomes, and hence optimize usage, particularly for the most challenging aneurysm presentations.

Disclosures

The authors have no personal, financial, or institutional interest in any of the drugs, materials, or devices described in this article.