Mark X Cicero1, Travis Whitfill1, Barbara Walsh2, Maria Carmen Diaz3, Grace Arteaga4, Daniel J Scherzer5, Scott Goldberg6, Manu Madhok7, Angela Bowen8, Geno Paesano9, Michael Redlener10, Kevin Munjal10, David Kessler11, Marc Auerbach1,12. 1. Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT. 2. Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston University School of Medicine New Hyde Park NY. 3. Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children Wilmington DE. 4. Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN. 5. Department of Emergency Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH. 6. Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA. 7. Division of Emergency Medicine Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota Minneapolis MN. 8. Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS) Oak Ridge TN. 9. Bloomfield CT. 10. Mount Sinai Hospital New York NY. 11. Department of Pediatrics New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York NY. 12. Department of Emergency Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) perform triage at disaster sites. There is a need for disaster triage training. Live simulation training is costly and difficult to deliver. Screen-based simulations may overcome these training barriers. We hypothesized that a screen-based simulation, 60 Seconds to Survival (60S), would be associated with in-game improvements in triage accuracy. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of a screen-based simulation intervention, 60S. Participants included emergency medical services (EMS) personnel from 21 EMS agencies across 12 states. Participants performed assessments (e.g., check for pulse) and actions (e.g., reposition the airway) for 12 patients in each scenario and assigned color-coded triage levels (red, yellow, green, or black) to each patient. Participants received on-screen feedback about triage performance immediately after each scenario. A scoring system was designed to encourage accurate and timely triage decisions. Participants who played 60S included practicing EMTs, paramedics, and nurses as well as students studying to assume these roles. Participants played the game at least three times over 13 weeks. RESULTS: In total, 2,234 participants began game play and 739 completed the study and were included in the analysis. Overall, the median number of plays of the game was just above the threshold inclusion criteria (three or more plays) with a median of four plays during the study period (interquartile range [IQR] = 3-7). There was a significant difference in triage accuracy from the first play of the game to the last play of the game. Median baseline triage accuracy in the game was 89.7% (IQR = 82.1%-94.9%), which then increased to a median of 100% at the last game play (IQR = 87.5%-100.0%; p < 0.001). There was some variability in median triage accuracy on fourth through 11th game plays, ranging from 95% to 100%, and on the 12th to 16th plays, the median accuracy was sustained at 100%. There was a significant decrease in the rate of undertriage: from 10.3% (IQR = 5.1%-18.0%) to 0 (IQR = 0%-12.5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: 60 Seconds to Survival is associated with improved in-game triage accuracy. Further study of the correlation between in-game triage accuracy and improvements in live simulation or real-world triage decisions is warranted.
OBJECTIVES: Paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) perform triage at disaster sites. There is a need for disaster triage training. Live simulation training is costly and difficult to deliver. Screen-based simulations may overcome these training barriers. We hypothesized that a screen-based simulation, 60 Seconds to Survival (60S), would be associated with in-game improvements in triage accuracy. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of a screen-based simulation intervention, 60S. Participants included emergency medical services (EMS) personnel from 21 EMS agencies across 12 states. Participants performed assessments (e.g., check for pulse) and actions (e.g., reposition the airway) for 12 patients in each scenario and assigned color-coded triage levels (red, yellow, green, or black) to each patient. Participants received on-screen feedback about triage performance immediately after each scenario. A scoring system was designed to encourage accurate and timely triage decisions. Participants who played 60S included practicing EMTs, paramedics, and nurses as well as students studying to assume these roles. Participants played the game at least three times over 13 weeks. RESULTS: In total, 2,234 participants began game play and 739 completed the study and were included in the analysis. Overall, the median number of plays of the game was just above the threshold inclusion criteria (three or more plays) with a median of four plays during the study period (interquartile range [IQR] = 3-7). There was a significant difference in triage accuracy from the first play of the game to the last play of the game. Median baseline triage accuracy in the game was 89.7% (IQR = 82.1%-94.9%), which then increased to a median of 100% at the last game play (IQR = 87.5%-100.0%; p < 0.001). There was some variability in median triage accuracy on fourth through 11th game plays, ranging from 95% to 100%, and on the 12th to 16th plays, the median accuracy was sustained at 100%. There was a significant decrease in the rate of undertriage: from 10.3% (IQR = 5.1%-18.0%) to 0 (IQR = 0%-12.5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: 60 Seconds to Survival is associated with improved in-game triage accuracy. Further study of the correlation between in-game triage accuracy and improvements in live simulation or real-world triage decisions is warranted.
Authors: Joseph A Scott; Geoffrey T Miller; S Barry Issenberg; Angel A Brotons; David Lee Gordon; Michael S Gordon; William C McGaghie; Emil R Petrusa Journal: Prehosp Emerg Care Date: 2006 Oct-Dec Impact factor: 3.077
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Authors: Sultan Al-Shaqsi; Robin Gauld; David McBride; Ammar Al-Kashmiri; Abdullah Al-Harthy Journal: Emerg Med Australas Date: 2015-01-13 Impact factor: 2.151
Authors: Travis Whitfill; Marc Auerbach; Maria Carmen G Diaz; Barbara Walsh; Daniel J Scherzer; Isabel T Gross; Mark X Cicero Journal: BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn Date: 2020-09-03
Authors: Mark X Cicero; Travis Whitfill; Barbara Walsh; Maria Carmen Diaz; Grace Arteaga; Daniel J Scherzer; Scott Goldberg; Manu Madhok; Angela Bowen; Geno Paesano; Michael Redlener; Kevin Munjal; David Kessler; Marc Auerbach Journal: AEM Educ Train Date: 2018-01-31