Considerations for cardiac device lead extraction.

Extraction of cardiovascular implantable electronic device leads is the removal of a lead that has been implanted for >1 year or that requires more than a standard stylet. The number of these procedures has greatly increased over the past few decades owing to the growing demand for primary and secondary implantations in ageing populations, and an accompanying rise in revisions for complications, infections, and lead advisory safety alerts. In this Review, we present the most common indications and techniques used for extraction. Particular consideration is given to the extraction of leads with large vegetations, recalled leads, stented leads, and those placed in the coronary sinus. We also summarize the most relevant and contemporary data on safety, efficacy, and outcomes of lead extraction.