Ganesh Sankaranarayanan1, Baichun Li2,3, Kelly Manser4, Stephanie B Jones5, Daniel B Jones5, Steven Schwaitzberg4, Caroline G L Cao6, Suvranu De7,8. 1. Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, JEC 2049, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. sankag@rpi.edu. 2. Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, JEC 2049, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. 3. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China. 4. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA. 5. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. 6. Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA. 7. Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, JEC 2049, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. des@rpi.edu. 8. Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, JEC 2049, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. des@rpi.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Surgical performance is affected by distractors and interruptions to surgical workflow that exist in the operating room. However, traditional surgical simulators are used to train surgeons in a skills laboratory that does not recreate these conditions. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a novel, immersive virtual reality (Gen2-VR) system to train surgeons in these environments. This study was to establish face and construct validity of our system. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The study was a within-subjects design, with subjects repeating a virtual peg transfer task under three different conditions: Case I: traditional VR; Case II: Gen2-VR with no distractions and Case III: Gen2-VR with distractions and interruptions. In Case III, to simulate the effects of distractions and interruptions, music was played intermittently, the camera lens was fogged for 10 s and tools malfunctioned for 15 s at random points in time during the simulation. At the completion of the study subjects filled in a 5-point Likert scale feedback questionnaire. A total of sixteen subjects participated in this study. RESULTS: Friedman test showed significant difference in scores between the three conditions (p < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction further showed that all the three conditions were significantly different from each other (Case I, Case II, p < 0.0001), (Case I, Case III, p < 0.0001) and (Case II, Case III, p = 0.009). Subjects rated that fog (mean 4.18) and tool malfunction (median 4.56) significantly hindered their performance. CONCLUSION: The results showed that Gen2-VR simulator has both face and construct validity and that it can accurately and realistically present distractions and interruptions in a simulated OR, in spite of limitations of the current HMD hardware technology.
INTRODUCTION: Surgical performance is affected by distractors and interruptions to surgical workflow that exist in the operating room. However, traditional surgical simulators are used to train surgeons in a skills laboratory that does not recreate these conditions. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a novel, immersive virtual reality (Gen2-VR) system to train surgeons in these environments. This study was to establish face and construct validity of our system. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The study was a within-subjects design, with subjects repeating a virtual peg transfer task under three different conditions: Case I: traditional VR; Case II: Gen2-VR with no distractions and Case III: Gen2-VR with distractions and interruptions. In Case III, to simulate the effects of distractions and interruptions, music was played intermittently, the camera lens was fogged for 10 s and tools malfunctioned for 15 s at random points in time during the simulation. At the completion of the study subjects filled in a 5-point Likert scale feedback questionnaire. A total of sixteen subjects participated in this study. RESULTS: Friedman test showed significant difference in scores between the three conditions (p < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction further showed that all the three conditions were significantly different from each other (Case I, Case II, p < 0.0001), (Case I, Case III, p < 0.0001) and (Case II, Case III, p = 0.009). Subjects rated that fog (mean 4.18) and tool malfunction (median 4.56) significantly hindered their performance. CONCLUSION: The results showed that Gen2-VR simulator has both face and construct validity and that it can accurately and realistically present distractions and interruptions in a simulated OR, in spite of limitations of the current HMD hardware technology.
Authors: Douglas A Wiegmann; Andrew W ElBardissi; Joseph A Dearani; Richard C Daly; Thoralf M Sundt Journal: Surgery Date: 2007-11 Impact factor: 3.982
Authors: Ganesh Sankaranarayanan; Coleman A Odlozil; Katerina O Wells; Steven G Leeds; Sanket Chauhan; James W Fleshman; Daniel B Jones; Suvranu De Journal: Am J Surg Date: 2020-02-10 Impact factor: 2.565
Authors: Tobias Huber; Tom Wunderling; Markus Paschold; Hauke Lang; Werner Kneist; Christian Hansen Journal: Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg Date: 2017-11-18 Impact factor: 2.924