Literature DB >> 25421896

Nomenclature- and database-compatible names for the two Ebola virus variants that emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014.

Jens H Kuhn1, Kristian G Andersen2, Sylvain Baize3, Yīmíng Bào4, Sina Bavari5, Nicolas Berthet6, Olga Blinkova7, J Rodney Brister8, Anna N Clawson9, Joseph Fair10, Martin Gabriel11, Robert F Garry12, Stephen K Gire13, Augustine Goba14, Jean-Paul Gonzalez15, Stephan Günther16, Christian T Happi17, Peter B Jahrling18, Jimmy Kapetshi19, Gary Kobinger20, Jeffrey R Kugelman21, Eric M Leroy22, Gael Darren Maganga23, Placide K Mbala24, Lina M Moses25, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum26, Magassouba N'Faly27, Stuart T Nichol28, Sunday A Omilabu29, Gustavo Palacios30, Daniel J Park31, Janusz T Paweska32, Sheli R Radoshitzky33, Cynthia A Rossi34, Pardis C Sabeti35, John S Schieffelin36, Randal J Schoepp37, Rachel Sealfon38, Robert Swanepoel39, Jonathan S Towner40, Jiro Wada41, Nadia Wauquier42, Nathan L Yozwiak43, Pierre Formenty44.   

Abstract

In 2014, Ebola virus (EBOV) was identified as the etiological agent of a large and still expanding outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and a much more confined EVD outbreak in Middle Africa. Epidemiological and evolutionary analyses confirmed that all cases of both outbreaks are connected to a single introduction each of EBOV into human populations and that both outbreaks are not directly connected. Coding-complete genomic sequence analyses of isolates revealed that the two outbreaks were caused by two novel EBOV variants, and initial clinical observations suggest that neither of them should be considered strains. Here we present consensus decisions on naming for both variants (West Africa: "Makona", Middle Africa: "Lomela") and provide database-compatible full, shortened, and abbreviated names that are in line with recently established filovirus sub-species nomenclatures.

Entities:  

Mesh：

Substances：

Year:  2014        PMID： 25421896      PMCID： PMC4246247          DOI： 10.3390/v6114760

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Viruses        ISSN： 1999-4915            Impact factor:   5.048


1. Introduction

On 10 March 2014, a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) outbreak was reported among humans in Guinea, West Africa [1]. Ebola virus (EBOV), the sole member of the species Zaire ebolavirus (genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales [2]), was identified as the etiological agent. Consequently, the VHF was identified as Ebola virus disease (EVD) [1,3,4]. At the time of writing, this EVD outbreak has spread from Guinea into Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Mali, with individual case exportations or transport of patients to France, Germany, Norway, Spain, UK, and US. At least 15351 human infections and 5459 deaths (proportion of fatal cases ≈36%) have been recorded as of 21 November 2014, making this outbreak the largest EVD outbreak in history [5]. Through conventional Sanger [1] and next-generation sequencing [6], 102 coding-complete EBOV genome sequences have been assembled (complete genome sequences with the exception of the ultimate 3’ and 5’ untranslated regions [7]) originating from three patients from Guinea and 78 patients from Sierra Leone [1,6]. Evolutionary analyses combined with epidemiological data demonstrate that all cases are directly epidemiologically linked, tracing back to a single introduction of EBOV into the human population [1,6] as has been found for most past EVD outbreaks [8]. On 24 August 2014, another EVD outbreak was reported from Boende District, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Middle Africa [9]. A total of 66 cases and 49 deaths (proportion of fatal case ≈74%) have been recorded [5]. As in Guinea, epidemiological analyses point towards a single introduction of EBOV from its unknown natural reservoir into the human population, with subsequent spread among humans by direct person-to-person transmission [9]. Thus far, two partial L (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) gene sequences have been deposited into GenBank, and the coding-complete sequence of one isolate has been determined [9]. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Guinea and Democratic Republic of Congo EVD outbreaks were not related. The EBOV variants causing both outbreaks were distinct from each other and from variants known from previous EVD outbreaks [1,3,4,6,9]. Next-generation sequencing techniques enable the determination of coding-complete EBOV genomes in dozens and theoretically hundreds of clinical samples in parallel in the absence of classical virus culture [6]. The rapid accumulation of sequence data challenges sequence database curators and end users when novel sequences are not uniquely named according to common standards. Here, we assign final designations to the two EBOV variants causing the 2014 Guinea and Democratic Republic of Congo EVD outbreaks and update the current GenBank sequence entries accordingly.

2. Ebola Virus Strain, Variant, and Isolate Naming

In 2013, a consortium of filovirologists and sequence database experts working at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) established a consistent and prospective filovirus nomenclature below the species level [10]. This nomenclature, which already has been applied to all filovirus entries in NCBI’s RefSeq database [11], is based on the template: (/)////-. [Note: the “/” between the and the field was missing in the full name template outlined in [10], but is necessary for computational purposes. It is therefore introduced here and already implemented filovirus full names [11] will be retrospectively corrected.] The field should contain a filovirus name as outlined in [10]. Currently, the accepted filovirus names and abbreviations are Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Lloviu virus (LLOV), Marburg virus (MARV), Ravn virus (RAVV), Reston virus (RESTV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV), Table 1 [2,12].
Table 1

Summary of the current filovirus taxonomy endorsed by the 2012–2014 ICTV Filoviridae Study Group and accepted by the ICTV [2,12,13,14,15].

Current Taxonomy and Nomenclature (Ninth ICTV Report and Updates)
Order Mononegavirales
 Family Filoviridae
  Genus Marburgvirus
   Species Marburg marburgvirus
    Virus 1: Marburg virus (MARV)
    Virus 2: Ravn virus (RAVV)
  Genus Ebolavirus
   Species Taï Forest ebolavirus
    Virus: Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
   Species Reston ebolavirus
    Virus: Reston virus (RESTV)
   Species Sudan ebolavirus
    Virus: Sudan virus (SUDV)
   Species Zaire ebolavirus
    Virus: Ebola virus (EBOV)
   Species Bundibugyo ebolavirus
    Virus: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)
  Genus Cuevavirus
   Species Lloviu cuevavirus
    Virus: Lloviu virus (LLOV)
Summary of the current filovirus taxonomy endorsed by the 2012–2014 ICTV Filoviridae Study Group and accepted by the ICTV [2,12,13,14,15]. The field should contain a unique strain name in case the virus in question fulfills the criteria for being a strain (see [10]). The field should be provided in one word in the format “first letter of host genus name.full name of species descriptor” (e.g., “H.sapiens”) followed by suffix that denotes whether the sequence stems from an unpassaged sample (“-wt”), from virus isolated in tissue culture (“-tc”), or is a genomic fragment (“-frag). The and fields should contain the alpha-3 three-letter ISO 3166-1 code for the country where the virus was isolated and the year in which it was isolated, respectively. Finally, the and fields should contain a unique variant name (i.e., a name for the virus variant that was introduced into the human population that caused an outbreak) and unique isolate name (i.e., the name for a particular representative of the variant), respectively [10]. To simplify manuscript writing, shortened and abbreviated virus designations are also defined [10]. For instance, the designations specify an isolate “Ecran” of Ebola virus as a representative of the variant “Yambuku” (not a strain) that originated from a human in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976 and was isolated/sequenced using tissue culture [16].

3. The 2014 Ebola Virus Variant Originating in Guinea

At the end of 2013, EVD broke out around Guéckédou, Kissidougou, and Macenta, Guinea [1] and consequently spread to at least five additional West African countries. Epidemiological and phylogenetic studies indicate that this large EVD outbreak was caused by a single introduction of one particular ebolavirus, Ebola virus (EBOV), into humans (Homo sapiens) from an unknown reservoir and therefore that all subsequent human cases (over 15,000 cases) are derived from one unnamed variant [1,6]. Preliminary clinical observations among EVD patients in West Africa do not contradict past descriptions of EVD [17,18,19,20,21,22], i.e., this novel unnamed EBOV variant is not a strain as defined in standardized filovirus nomenclature [10]. Here we propose the name “Makona” (IPA: [mɑ'kɔnə] or [məˈkoʊnə]; English phonetic notation: mah-kaw-nuh or muh-koh-nuh) after the Makona River close to the border between Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone (Figure 1) as the variant name for this West African virus. The general name for the 2014 West African virus is therefore:
Figure 1

Location of the Makona River.

Location of the Makona River. At the time of writing, 102 coding-complete genomic sequences of EBOV/Mak have been deposited into GenBank, all of which were obtained directly from clinical samples (“p0”) [1,6]. Following the rules laid out in filovirus standardized nomenclature [10], the names for these sequences therefore should contain the “-wt”. In addition, one fragment of the L gene of one isolate of EBOV/Mak was deposited. Based on definitions described in standardized nomenclature [10], the corresponding field should therefore be filled with “-frag”. All currently deposited sequences stem from either Guinean, Sierra Leonean, or Nigerian samples. The 3-letter country codes to be used the field [10] for all countries that have thus far handled patients infected with EBOV/Mak are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes for countries with recorded cases connected to the 2014 EVD epidemic that started in Guinea [23]:

Official short country name in English (geographical name)Official country name in English (protocol name)ISO 3166-1 3-letter abbreviation
FranceFrench RepublicFRA
GermanyFederal Republic of GermanyDEU
GuineaRepublic of GuineaGIN
LiberiaMaliNigeriaRepublic of LiberiaRepublic of MaliFederal Republic of NigeriaLBRMLINGA
NorwaySenegalKingdom of NorwayRepublic of SenegalNORSEN
Sierra LeoneRepublic of Sierra LeoneSLE
SpainKingdom of SpainESP
United KingdomUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandGBR
United StatesUnited States of AmericaUSA
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes for countries with recorded cases connected to the 2014 EVD epidemic that started in Guinea [23]: Three replicating isolates (C05, C07, and C15) of EBOV/Mak have been reported [1]. The 102 coding-complete genomes (including those of C05, C07, and C15) and the one fragmented L gene sequence that have been deposited into GenBank all already have assigned unique descriptors. Accordingly, in all currently deposited sequences of EBOV/Mak, the definition line will be adjusted to “Zaire ebolavirus isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-//2014/Makona-, [coding-]complete genome, with the , , and fields will be filled according to their origin. The GenBank field will be cleared throughout; the Genbank field will be filled with “Ebola virus/H.sapiens-//2014/Makona-”, and the field will be corrected, if necessary, to “Zaire ebolavirus” (Table 3).
Table 3

EBOV isolates from the West African EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank fields and final names

GenBank Accession Number<GenBank field> = Updated/corrected information
Final names
KJ660346<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C15, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C15
KJ660347<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C07, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C07
KJ660348<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C05, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C05
KM034549<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095B, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095B
KM034550<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095
KM034551<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM096, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM096
KM034552<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM098, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM098
KM034553<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3670.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3670.1
KM034554<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.1
KM034555<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.2
KM034556<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.1
KM034557<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.2
KM034558<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3679.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3679.1
KM034559<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3680.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3680.1
KM034560<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3682.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3682.1
KM034561<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-G3683.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-G3683.1
KM034562<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-G3686.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3686.1
KM034563<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3687.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3687.1
KM233035<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM104, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM104
KM233036<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM106, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM106
KM233037<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM110, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM110
KM233038<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM111, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM111
KM233039<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM112, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM112
KM233040<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM113, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM113
KM233041<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM115, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM115
KM233042<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM119, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM119
KM233043<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM120, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM120
KM233044<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM121, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM121
KM233045<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.1
KM233046<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.2
KM233047<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.3
KM233048<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.4, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.4
KM233049<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3707, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3707
KM233050<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.2
KM233051<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.3
KM233052<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.4, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.4
KM233053<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3724, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3724
KM233054<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3729, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3729
KM233055<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3734.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3734.1
KM233056<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.1
KM233057<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.2
KM233058<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.1
KM233059<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.2
KM233060<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.3
KM233061<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3752, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3752
KM233062<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3758, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3758
KM233063<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3764, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3764
KM233064<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3765.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3765.2
KM233065<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.1
KM233066<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.2
KM233067<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.3
KM233068<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.4, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.4
KM233069<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.1
KM233070<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.2
KM233071<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3771, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3771
KM233072<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3782, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3782
KM233073<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3786, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3786
KM233074<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3787, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3787
KM233075<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3788, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3788
KM233076<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3789.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3789.1
KM233077<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3795, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3795
KM233078<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3796, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3796
KM233079<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3798, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3798
KM233080<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3799, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3799
KM233081<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3800, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3800
KM233082<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.1
KM233083<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.2
KM233084<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3807, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3807
KM233085<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3808, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3808
KM233086<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3809, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3809
KM233087<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.1
KM233088<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.2
KM233089<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3814, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3814
KM233090<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3816, [coding-]complete genome2 = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3816
KM233091<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3817, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3817
KM233092<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3818, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3818
KM233093<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3819, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3819
KM233094<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3820, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3820
KM233095<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3821, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3821
KM233096<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3822, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3822
KM233097<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3823, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3823
KM233098<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.1
KM233099<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.2
KM233100<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3826, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3826
KM233101<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3827, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3827
KM233102<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3829, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3829
KM233103<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3831, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona- G3831
KM233104<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3834, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3834
KM233105<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3838, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3838
KM233106<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3840, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3840
KM233107<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3841, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3841
KM233108<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3845, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3845
KM233109<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3846, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3846
KM233110<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3848, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3848
KM233111<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3850, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3850
KM233112<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3851, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3851
KM233113<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.1
KM233114<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.3
KM233115<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3857, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3857
KM233116<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.1
KM233117<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-NM042.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.2
KM233118<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.3
KM251803<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/NGA/2014/Makona-01072014 L gene, partial CDS3
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
<strain> = [EMPTY]
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/NGA/2014/Makona-01072014

1 Neither RefSeq nor GenBank currently can handle italics, which is why the species names are not italicized in the actual entry’s definition line and fields.

2 The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) standard currently does not offer options other than “complete” or “partial,” and, in particular, does not provide a possibility for the designation “coding-complete.” We, therefore recommend using “complete” for what is actually “coding-complete” as the word “partial” implies short sequence fragments to most users.

3 CDS = coding sequence.

EBOV isolates from the West African EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank fields and final names 1 Neither RefSeq nor GenBank currently can handle italics, which is why the species names are not italicized in the actual entry’s definition line and fields. 2 The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) standard currently does not offer options other than “complete” or “partial,” and, in particular, does not provide a possibility for the designation “coding-complete.” We, therefore recommend using “complete” for what is actually “coding-complete” as the word “partial” implies short sequence fragments to most users. 3 CDS = coding sequence.

4. The 2014 Ebola Virus Variant Originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

In late 2014, EVD broke out in Boende District, Democratic Republic of the Congo (3-letter country code: COD), Middle Africa. Epidemiological and phylogenetic studies indicate that this limited EVD outbreak was caused by a single introduction of one particular ebolavirus, Ebola virus (EBOV), into humans (Homo sapiens) from an unknown reservoir and therefore that all subsequent several cases (almost 70) are derived from one unnamed variant [9]. Preliminary clinical observations among EVD patients in this outbreak do not contradict past descriptions of EVD [9], i.e., this novel unnamed EBOV variant is not a strain as defined in [10]. Here we propose the name “Lomela” (IPA: [lɔ'mɛlɑ] or [lɔ'mɛlə]; English phonetic notation: law-me-lah or law-me-luh) after the Lomela River that runs through COD’s Boende District (see Figure 2) as the variant name for this Middle African virus. The general name for the 2014 Middle African virus is therefore
Figure 2

Location of the Lomela River.

Location of the Lomela River. Accordingly, in all currently deposited sequences of EBOV/Lom, the definition line will be adjusted to “Zaire ebolavirus isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-/<COD>/2014/Lomela-, with the and fields will be filled according to their origin. The GenBank field will be cleared throughout; the Genbank field will be filled with “Ebola virus/H.sapiens-/<COD>/2014/Lomela-”, and the field will be corrected, if necessary, to “Zaire ebolavirus” (Table 4).
Table 4

EBOV isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo Boende EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank information and final names

GenBank Accession Number<GenBank field> = Updated/corrected information
Final names
KM517570<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C15, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia16
KM517571<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 Ebola isolate virus H.sapiens-frag/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia17 L gene, partial CDS2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia17
KM519951<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 Ebola isolate virus H.sapiens-wt/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia1, [coding-]complete genome3
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia1

1 Neither RefSeq nor GenBank currently can handle italics, which is why the species names are not italicized in the actual entry’s definition line and fields.

2 CDS = coding sequence

3 The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) standard currently does not offer options other than “complete” or “partial,” and, in particular, does not provide a possibility for the designation “coding-complete.” We, therefore recommend using “complete” for what is actually “coding-complete” as the word “partial” implies short sequence fragments to most users.

Note: “Lokolia” – IPA: [lɔ'kɔliə] or [lə'kɔliə]; English phonetic notation: law-kaw-lee-uh or luh-kaw-lee-uh.

EBOV isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo Boende EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank information and final names 1 Neither RefSeq nor GenBank currently can handle italics, which is why the species names are not italicized in the actual entry’s definition line and fields. 2 CDS = coding sequence 3 The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) standard currently does not offer options other than “complete” or “partial,” and, in particular, does not provide a possibility for the designation “coding-complete.” We, therefore recommend using “complete” for what is actually “coding-complete” as the word “partial” implies short sequence fragments to most users. Note: “Lokolia” – IPA: [lɔ'kɔliə] or [lə'kɔliə]; English phonetic notation: law-kaw-lee-uh or luh-kaw-lee-uh.
  20 in total

1.  Ebola outbreak in Conakry, Guinea: epidemiological, clinical, and outcome features.

Authors:  M Barry; F A Traoré; F B Sako; D O Kpamy; E I Bah; M Poncin; S Keita; M Cisse; A Touré
Journal:  Med Mal Infect       Date:  2014-10-23       Impact factor: 2.152

2.  Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States.

Authors:  G Marshall Lyon; Aneesh K Mehta; Jay B Varkey; Kent Brantly; Lance Plyler; Anita K McElroy; Colleen S Kraft; Jonathan S Towner; Christina Spiropoulou; Ute Ströher; Timothy M Uyeki; Bruce S Ribner
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2014-11-12       Impact factor: 91.245

Review 3.  Filoviruses. A compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies.

Authors:  Jens H Kuhn
Journal:  Arch Virol Suppl       Date:  2008

4.  Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Authors:  Gaël D Maganga; Jimmy Kapetshi; Nicolas Berthet; Benoît Kebela Ilunga; Felix Kabange; Placide Mbala Kingebeni; Vital Mondonge; Jean-Jacques T Muyembe; Eric Bertherat; Sylvie Briand; Joseph Cabore; Alain Epelboin; Pierre Formenty; Gary Kobinger; Licé González-Angulo; Ingrid Labouba; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele; Christopher Dye; Eric M Leroy
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2014-10-15       Impact factor: 91.245

5.  Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone.

Authors:  John S Schieffelin; Jeffrey G Shaffer; Augustine Goba; Michael Gbakie; Stephen K Gire; Andres Colubri; Rachel S G Sealfon; Lansana Kanneh; Alex Moigboi; Mambu Momoh; Mohammed Fullah; Lina M Moses; Bethany L Brown; Kristian G Andersen; Sarah Winnicki; Stephen F Schaffner; Daniel J Park; Nathan L Yozwiak; Pan-Pan Jiang; David Kargbo; Simbirie Jalloh; Mbalu Fonnie; Vandi Sinnah; Issa French; Alice Kovoma; Fatima K Kamara; Veronica Tucker; Edwin Konuwa; Josephine Sellu; Ibrahim Mustapha; Momoh Foday; Mohamed Yillah; Franklyn Kanneh; Sidiki Saffa; James L B Massally; Matt L Boisen; Luis M Branco; Mohamed A Vandi; Donald S Grant; Christian Happi; Sahr M Gevao; Thomas E Fletcher; Robert A Fowler; Daniel G Bausch; Pardis C Sabeti; S Humarr Khan; Robert F Garry
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2014-10-29       Impact factor: 91.245

6.  Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for natural variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae.

Authors:  Jens H Kuhn; Yiming Bao; Sina Bavari; Stephan Becker; Steven Bradfute; J Rodney Brister; Alexander A Bukreyev; Kartik Chandran; Robert A Davey; Olga Dolnik; John M Dye; Sven Enterlein; Lisa E Hensley; Anna N Honko; Peter B Jahrling; Karl M Johnson; Gary Kobinger; Eric M Leroy; Mark S Lever; Elke Mühlberger; Sergey V Netesov; Gene G Olinger; Gustavo Palacios; Jean L Patterson; Janusz T Paweska; Louise Pitt; Sheli R Radoshitzky; Erica Ollmann Saphire; Sophie J Smither; Robert Swanepoel; Jonathan S Towner; Guido van der Groen; Viktor E Volchkov; Victoria Wahl-Jensen; Travis K Warren; Manfred Weidmann; Stuart T Nichol
Journal:  Arch Virol       Date:  2012-09-23       Impact factor: 2.574

7.  Reidentification of Ebola Virus E718 and ME as Ebola Virus/H.sapiens-tc/COD/1976/Yambuku-Ecran.

Authors:  Jens H Kuhn; Loreen L Lofts; Jeffrey R Kugelman; Sophie J Smither; Mark S Lever; Guido van der Groen; Karl M Johnson; Sheli R Radoshitzky; Sina Bavari; Peter B Jahrling; Jonathan S Towner; Stuart T Nichol; Gustavo Palacios
Journal:  Genome Announc       Date:  2014-11-20

8.  Filovirus RefSeq entries: evaluation and selection of filovirus type variants, type sequences, and names.

Authors:  Jens H Kuhn; Kristian G Andersen; Yīmíng Bào; Sina Bavari; Stephan Becker; Richard S Bennett; Nicholas H Bergman; Olga Blinkova; Steven Bradfute; J Rodney Brister; Alexander Bukreyev; Kartik Chandran; Alexander A Chepurnov; Robert A Davey; Ralf G Dietzgen; Norman A Doggett; Olga Dolnik; John M Dye; Sven Enterlein; Paul W Fenimore; Pierre Formenty; Alexander N Freiberg; Robert F Garry; Nicole L Garza; Stephen K Gire; Jean-Paul Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Christian T Happi; Lisa E Hensley; Andrew S Herbert; Michael C Hevey; Thomas Hoenen; Anna N Honko; Georgy M Ignatyev; Peter B Jahrling; Joshua C Johnson; Karl M Johnson; Jason Kindrachuk; Hans-Dieter Klenk; Gary Kobinger; Tadeusz J Kochel; Matthew G Lackemeyer; Daniel F Lackner; Eric M Leroy; Mark S Lever; Elke Mühlberger; Sergey V Netesov; Gene G Olinger; Sunday A Omilabu; Gustavo Palacios; Rekha G Panchal; Daniel J Park; Jean L Patterson; Janusz T Paweska; Clarence J Peters; James Pettitt; Louise Pitt; Sheli R Radoshitzky; Elena I Ryabchikova; Erica Ollmann Saphire; Pardis C Sabeti; Rachel Sealfon; Aleksandr M Shestopalov; Sophie J Smither; Nancy J Sullivan; Robert Swanepoel; Ayato Takada; Jonathan S Towner; Guido van der Groen; Viktor E Volchkov; Valentina A Volchkova; Victoria Wahl-Jensen; Travis K Warren; Kelly L Warfield; Manfred Weidmann; Stuart T Nichol
Journal:  Viruses       Date:  2014-09-26       Impact factor: 5.048

9.  Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012).

Authors:  M J Adams; E B Carstens
Journal:  Arch Virol       Date:  2012-04-06       Impact factor: 2.574

10.  Standards for sequencing viral genomes in the era of high-throughput sequencing.

Authors:  Jason T Ladner; Brett Beitzel; Patrick S G Chain; Matthew G Davenport; Eric F Donaldson; Matthew Frieman; Jeffrey R Kugelman; Jens H Kuhn; Jules O'Rear; Pardis C Sabeti; David E Wentworth; Michael R Wiley; Guo-Yun Yu; Shanmuga Sozhamannan; Christopher Bradburne; Gustavo Palacios
Journal:  mBio       Date:  2014-06-17       Impact factor: 7.867
View more
  44 in total

1.  Buffer AVL Alone Does Not Inactivate Ebola Virus in a Representative Clinical Sample Type.

Authors:  Sophie J Smither; Simon A Weller; Amanda Phelps; Lin Eastaugh; Sarah Ngugi; Lyn M O'Brien; Jackie Steward; Steve G Lonsdale; Mark S Lever
Journal:  J Clin Microbiol       Date:  2015-07-15       Impact factor: 5.948

2.  Immunization-Elicited Broadly Protective Antibody Reveals Ebolavirus Fusion Loop as a Site of Vulnerability.

Authors:  Xuelian Zhao; Katie A Howell; Shihua He; Jennifer M Brannan; Anna Z Wec; Edgar Davidson; Hannah L Turner; Chi-I Chiang; Lin Lei; J Maximilian Fels; Hong Vu; Sergey Shulenin; Ashley N Turonis; Ana I Kuehne; Guodong Liu; Mi Ta; Yimeng Wang; Christopher Sundling; Yongli Xiao; Jennifer S Spence; Benjamin J Doranz; Frederick W Holtsberg; Andrew B Ward; Kartik Chandran; John M Dye; Xiangguo Qiu; Yuxing Li; M Javad Aman
Journal:  Cell       Date:  2017-05-18       Impact factor: 41.582

3.  Antibodies from a Human Survivor Define Sites of Vulnerability for Broad Protection against Ebolaviruses.

Authors:  Anna Z Wec; Andrew S Herbert; Charles D Murin; Elisabeth K Nyakatura; Dafna M Abelson; J Maximilian Fels; Shihua He; Rebekah M James; Marc-Antoine de La Vega; Wenjun Zhu; Russell R Bakken; Eileen Goodwin; Hannah L Turner; Rohit K Jangra; Larry Zeitlin; Xiangguo Qiu; Jonathan R Lai; Laura M Walker; Andrew B Ward; John M Dye; Kartik Chandran; Zachary A Bornholdt
Journal:  Cell       Date:  2017-05-18       Impact factor: 41.582

Review 4.  The evolution of Ebola virus: Insights from the 2013-2016 epidemic.

Authors:  Edward C Holmes; Gytis Dudas; Andrew Rambaut; Kristian G Andersen
Journal:  Nature       Date:  2016-10-13       Impact factor: 49.962

5.  Broad and Temperature Independent Replication Potential of Filoviruses on Cells Derived From Old and New World Bat Species.

Authors:  Megan R Miller; Rebekah J McMinn; Vikram Misra; Tony Schountz; Marcel A Müller; Andreas Kurth; Vincent J Munster
Journal:  J Infect Dis       Date:  2016-06-26       Impact factor: 5.226

6.  Molecular Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Ebola Virus.

Authors:  Suzanne E Mate; Jeffrey R Kugelman; Tolbert G Nyenswah; Jason T Ladner; Michael R Wiley; Thierry Cordier-Lassalle; Athalia Christie; Gary P Schroth; Stephen M Gross; Gloria J Davies-Wayne; Shivam A Shinde; Ratnesh Murugan; Sonpon B Sieh; Moses Badio; Lawrence Fakoli; Fahn Taweh; Emmie de Wit; Neeltje van Doremalen; Vincent J Munster; James Pettitt; Karla Prieto; Ben W Humrighouse; Ute Ströher; Joseph W DiClaro; Lisa E Hensley; Randal J Schoepp; David Safronetz; Joseph Fair; Jens H Kuhn; David J Blackley; A Scott Laney; Desmond E Williams; Terrence Lo; Alex Gasasira; Stuart T Nichol; Pierre Formenty; Francis N Kateh; Kevin M De Cock; Fatorma Bolay; Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart; Gustavo Palacios
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2015-10-14       Impact factor: 91.245

7.  Pan-ebolavirus and Pan-filovirus Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies: Protection against Ebola and Sudan Viruses.

Authors:  Frederick W Holtsberg; Sergey Shulenin; Hong Vu; Katie A Howell; Sonal J Patel; Bronwyn Gunn; Marcus Karim; Jonathan R Lai; Julia C Frei; Elisabeth K Nyakatura; Larry Zeitlin; Robin Douglas; Marnie L Fusco; Jeffrey W Froude; Erica Ollmann Saphire; Andrew S Herbert; Ariel S Wirchnianski; Calli M Lear-Rooney; Galit Alter; John M Dye; Pamela J Glass; Kelly L Warfield; M Javad Aman
Journal:  J Virol       Date:  2015-10-14       Impact factor: 5.103

8.  Macaque Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Novel Conserved Epitopes within Filovirus Glycoprotein.

Authors:  Zhen-Yong Keck; Sven G Enterlein; Katie A Howell; Hong Vu; Sergey Shulenin; Kelly L Warfield; Jeffrey W Froude; Nazli Araghi; Robin Douglas; Julia Biggins; Calli M Lear-Rooney; Ariel S Wirchnianski; Patrick Lau; Yong Wang; Andrew S Herbert; John M Dye; Pamela J Glass; Frederick W Holtsberg; Steven K H Foung; M Javad Aman
Journal:  J Virol       Date:  2015-10-14       Impact factor: 5.103

9.  Functional Characterization of Adaptive Mutations during the West African Ebola Virus Outbreak.

Authors:  Erik Dietzel; Gordian Schudt; Verena Krähling; Mikhail Matrosovich; Stephan Becker
Journal:  J Virol       Date:  2017-01-03       Impact factor: 5.103

10.  Evolution and Spread of Ebola Virus in Liberia, 2014-2015.

Authors:  Jason T Ladner; Michael R Wiley; Suzanne Mate; Gytis Dudas; Karla Prieto; Sean Lovett; Elyse R Nagle; Brett Beitzel; Merle L Gilbert; Lawrence Fakoli; Joseph W Diclaro; Randal J Schoepp; Joseph Fair; Jens H Kuhn; Lisa E Hensley; Daniel J Park; Pardis C Sabeti; Andrew Rambaut; Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart; Fatorma K Bolay; Jeffrey R Kugelman; Gustavo Palacios
Journal:  Cell Host Microbe       Date:  2015-12-09       Impact factor: 21.023
View more

北京卡尤迪生物科技股份有限公司 © 2022-2023.