Serum lipid profile and its association with hypertension in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, accounting for the highest morbidity and mortality among the Bangladeshi population. The objective of this study was to determine the association between serum lipid profiles in hypertensive patients with normotensive control subjects in Bangladesh.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 234 participants including 159 hypertensive patients and 75 normotensive controls from January to December 2012 in the National Centre for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Disease in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected on sociodemographic factors, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL).
RESULTS: The mean (± standard deviation) systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the participants were 137.94±9.58 and 94.42±8.81, respectively, which were higher in the hypertensive patients (P<0.001). The serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL were higher while HDL levels were lower in hypertensive subjects compared to normotensives, which was statistically significant (P<0.001). Age, waist circumference, and body mass index showed significant association with hypertensive patients (P<0.001) but not with normotensives. The logistic regression analysis showed that hypertensive patients had 1.1 times higher TC and TG, 1.2 times higher LDL, and 1.1 times lower HDL than normotensives, which was statistically significant (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Hypertensive patients in Bangladesh have a close association with dyslipidemia and need measurement of blood pressure and lipid profile at regular intervals to prevent cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other comorbidities.

Introduction

Hypertension and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and account for more than 80% of deaths and disability in low- and middle-income countries.1,2 The prevalence of hypertension is projected to increase globally, especially in the developing countries.2 In recent years, rapid urbanization, increased life expectancy, unhealthy diet, and lifestyle changes have led to an increased rate of CVD in Southeast Asia, including Bangladesh.3 It is widely accepted that CVD is associated with hypertension and increased blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). In contrast, a low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is a risk factor for mortality from CVD.4 Epidemiological studies have established a strong association between hypertension and coronary artery disease.5

The noncommunicable disease risk factor survey conducted in 2010 in Bangladesh estimated the prevalence of hypertension among adults to be from 16% to 20%.6 The Bangladesh Health, Nutrition and Demographic Survey in 2011 found the prevalence of hypertension among adults to be 34%.7,8 A meta-analysis of the prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh from 1995 to 2009 among 6,430 adults was estimated to be 13.5%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 12.7% to 14.2%.6 Another meta-analysis of prevalence of CVD and type 2 diabetes between 1995 and 2010 found the pooled prevalence of hypertension to be 13.7% (12.1%–15.3%), with an increasing trend and higher rate in urban areas versus rural (22.2% versus 14.3%, respectively).9 However, these numbers are estimated from several studies and are likely not to account for silent and other asymptomatic CVD and hypertension.

CVD is the leading cause of disability and death worldwide, and a great majority of CVDs are associated with dyslipidemia. Worldwide, there is broad variation in serum lipid profile levels among different population groups. Increased serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, and decreased HDL are known to be associated with major risk factors for CVD. Dyslipidemia, comprising altered ratio of high TC level and isolated evaluation of the LDL or TG, is usually associated with increased blood pressure (BP) levels. There is a strong relationship between total LDL cholesterol concentrations and CVD risk. Patterns of lipid abnormalities among Asians and their relative impact on cardiovascular risk have not been well characterized.10 Low HDL is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for adverse CVD outcomes, irrespective of levels of LDL. Although sporadic reports suggest that the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol is substantial, we lack detailed data on the true prevalence of this condition among patients receiving treatment for dyslipidemia.11 These data strongly suggest that low HDL is a clinically significant problem.

In Bangladesh, consumption of saturated fat and red meat is a known risk factor for CVD, especially hypertension.12 However, data about the relationship between hypertension and lipid profile among Bangladeshi patients are rare in the literature. The purpose of the study was to compare the blood lipid levels in hypertensive patients with normotensive control subjects and determine its association between hypertension and lipid profile.

Materials and methods

Study design and population

A cross sectional study was conducted among 234 participants, 159 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients and 75 participants with normal BP (normotensives), attending the National Centre for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Disease (NCCRF&HD) in Dhaka, Bangladesh for a routine health check-up between January and December 2012. All the participants were residents of surrounding areas in Dhaka and aged between 30–60 years. Participants were selected consecutively from the outpatient department by the attending physician. Patients with features of any cardiac, renal, or hepatic complications or major medical problems were excluded. Also, those on lipid lowering and antihypertensive medication were also excluded. After obtaining oral and written informed consent, data was collected through face-to-face interviews, anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, and blood tests for serum lipid profile by trained research assistants.

Measurements

Height and body weight were measured with participants standing without shoes and heavy outer garments. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms, divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC) was measured from midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest using a Gullick II tape with subjects in the standing position and at the end of a normal expiration. Two measurements were taken from each subject, and the mean value was used for the analysis. All anthropometric measurements were collected by the same individual.

BP was measured by a physician using standard BP measurement protocol after the patient had rested for 10 minutes. Two measurements were taken by a mercury sphygmomanometer, with at least a 5-minute interval between successive measurements. The mean of two measurements of Korotkoff phase I was recorded for systolic blood pressure (SBP). The mean of two values of Korotkoff phase IV was recorded for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Hypertension was defined as an average SBP ≥140 mmHg and DBP ≥90 mmHg without antihypertensive medication according to the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7).13 In this study, hypertensive patients refer to those participants who demonstrated the JNC-7 criteria.

Biochemical analysis

A volume of 5 mL of venous blood was collected in the morning after an overnight fast, and serum was used for biochemical tests. All tests were carried out at the laboratory of the NCCRF&HD in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Lipid parameters (TC, TG, LDL, and HDL) were estimated by enzymatic colorimetric methods. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) <100= optimal, 100–129= near optimal/above optimal, 130–159=borderline high, 160–189= high, ≥190= very high; total cholesterol (mg/dl) <200= desirable, 200–239= borderline high, ≥240= very high; HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) <40=low, ≥60= high; triglyceride (mg/dl) <150= normal (goal), 150–199= borderline high, 200–499= high, ≥500=very high.14

Ethics

Ethical clearance was obtained from the NCCRF&HD. Participants were informed about the study, and both verbal and written informed consent was obtained. The Helsinki Declaration was strictly followed for data collection.15

Data analysis

Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics was used to present the demographic characteristics of the study participants. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were compared using independent group Student’s t-tests. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to measure the relationship of lipid profile among the hypertensive and normotensive patients after adjusting for age, BMI, sex, and BP. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The study included 234 participants with a mean age ± SD of 44.7±5.7 years and BMI of 25.2±3.8 kg/m2. The mean SBP and DBP were 137.9±9.6 mmHg and 94.4±8.8 mmHg, respectively. The mean BMI, TC, HDL, and LDL were higher for males compared to females, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). The mean WC was higher in males, which was not statistically significant (P=0.051) (Table 1).

Table 1

Characteristics of the respondents

Indicators	Total (n=234) mean (SD)	Ranges	Male (n=128) mean (SD)	Female (n=106) mean (SD)	P-value
Age (in years)	44.70 (5.71)	(38–51)	46.21 (4.48)	43.19 (6.14)	0.278
Height (meter)	1.55 (0.58)	(1–2.03)	1.49 (0.49)	1.61 (0.63)	0.061
Education (in years)	7 (3.01)	(0–12)	8 (2.99)	6 (3.26)	0.872
Weight (kg)	60.57 (7.21)	(41–72)	69.21 (6.36)	51.93 (8.11)	0.074
WC (cm)	83.53 (6.3)	(64–91)	88.89 (5.55)	78.17 (6.35)	0.051
BMI	25.21 (3.81)	(21–28)	25.88 (3.61)	24.54 (2.97)	0.022
SBP (mmHg)	137.94 (9.58)	(107–153)	139.12 (11.23)	136.76 (10.22)	0.047
DBP (mmHg)	94.42 (8.81)	(86–111)	92.14 (7.58)	96.7 (8.39)	0.012
Total cholesterol	221.87 (4.14)	(211–229)	224 (4.85)	219.74 (3.94)	0.032
Triglyceride	166.53 (7.38)	(152–174)	169.21 (6.58)	163.85 (6.97)	0.004
HDL	42.21 (3.68)	(37–46)	46.21 (4.01)	38.21 (3.33)	0.001
LDL	138.15 (5.25)	(131–144)	141.11 (4.69)	135.19 (3.74)	0.014

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; WC, waist circumference.

The mean age ± SD of hypertensive patients and normotensives were 47.6±4.2 and 38.4±3.7 years, respectively. Serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL were 238.3±3.4, 178.3±6.3, and 151.3±7.8 mg/dL, respectively, in hypertensive subjects while in normotensive subjects, they were 187±6.2, 141.5±11.2, and 110.3±6.3 mg/dL, respectively, which were significantly higher in hypertensive patients (P<0.001). The serum HDL was significantly lower (P<0.001) in hypertensive patients (41.2±3.2 mg/dL) than in normotensive subjects (44.3±5.6 mg/dL). The mean SBPs of hypertensives and normotensives were 146.8±8.5 mmHg versus 119.2±9.3 mmHg, respectively, and mean DBPs were 98.9±7.3 mmHg versus 84.9±5.3 mmHg, respectively. The mean SBP and DBP of hypertensives were higher than those of normotensives (P<0.001). Age, WC, and BMI showed significant association with hypertensive patients (P<0.001) but not with normotensive subjects (Table 2).

Table 2

Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of participants

Indicators	Hypertensive =159		Normotensive =75		P-value
	Mean (SD)	95% CI	Mean (SD)	95% CI
Age (in years)	47.67 (4.15)	45.48–49.86	38.39 (3.69)	35.53–41.24	0.001
Height (meter)	1.55 (0.54)	1.53–1.57	1.66 (0.59)	1.34–1.73	0.001
Weight (kg)	62.32 (6.33)	60.41–64.23	56.87 (7.78)	54.09–59.65	0.001
WC (cm)	86.01 (5.89)	84.25–87.76	78.27 (6.14)	75.40–81.13	0.001
BMI	25.98 (3.39)	25.10–26.85	23.58 (2.64)	22.58–24.59	0.001
SBP (mmHg)	146.77 (8.51)	141.11–151.42	119.21 (9.31)	117.42–23.01	0.001
DBP (mmHg)	98.92 (7.26)	94.49–101.36	84.89 (5.29)	81.17–87.61	0.001
Total cholesterol	238.31 (3.39)	221.01–242.5	187.01 (6.25)	181.52–191.51	0.001
Triglyceride	178.34 (6.31)	171.51–181.1	141.48 (11.29)	138.82–143.13	0.001
HDL	41.24 (3.22)	39.13–46.35	44.28 (5.63)	42.65–49.91	0.001
LDL	151.28 (7.77)	148.23–155.3	110.31 (6.34)	107.65–114.96	0.001
Male n (%)	113 (71)		32 (42)		0.002*
Smoking n (%)	57 (36)		16 (21)		0.258*

Note:

Represents proportion test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; WC, waist circumference.

Binary logistic regression analysis showed TC was significantly associated with hypertensive patients and the odds ratio (OR) was 1.1, 95% CI 0.91–1.77, P<0.002. TG and LDL were significantly associated with hypertensive patients (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.49–1.44, P<0.05 and OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.69–1.66, P<0.001, respectively). HDL was also associated with hypertensive patients (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.77–1.52, P<0.05). DBP showed significant association with hypertensive patients (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.33–3.29, P<0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3

Binary logistic regression analysis for hypertensive and normotensive participants

Indicators	Odds ratio	Confidence interval	P-value
Total cholesterol (<200 mg/dL)	1.12	0.91–1.77	0.002
Triglyceride (<150 mg/dL)	1.13	0.49–1.44	0.048
HDL (60 mg/dL)	1.08	0.77–1.52	0.031
LDL (<100 mg/dL)	1.24	0.69–1.66	0.001
Sex (male)	0.98	0.41–1.12	0.221
SBP (<140 mmHg)	1.17	0.78–2.11	0.054
DBP (<90 mmHg)	1.74	0.33–3.29	0.044

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Discussion

In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum lipid profile and hypertension among an urban population in Bangladesh. Results of this study revealed that the mean values of serum TC, TG, and LDL were significantly higher and statistically significant among the hypertensive patients compared to normotensives. The mean HDL level was lower in the hypertensives compared to normotensives and was statistically significant.

Hypertension is recognized globally as a major risk factor for CVD, stroke, diabetes, and renal diseases.16 About 80% of hypertensive persons have comorbidities such as obesity, glucose intolerance, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, among others. A prospective study in the northern region of Bangladesh comparing lipid profile status in hypertensive patients as compared to healthy normotensive controls found high serum TC, TG, and LDL, similar to our study.17 Our findings of increased levels of TC in hypertensive patients are similar to the findings of some other studies.16,18,19 However, few studies measured the strong association of hypertension and dyslipidemia among the Bangladeshi population.

Analysis from the INTERHEART study shows that among both cases and controls, mean LDL levels were about 10 mg/dL lower in Asians compared with non-Asians.10 A greater proportion of Asian cases and controls had LDL ≤100 mg/dL. HDL levels were slightly lower among Asians compared with non-Asians, a population who require further study and targeted intervention.10 Several studies have shown that most of the hypertensive patients undergo inconsistent treatment, and there was significant instability of serum TC, TG, HDL, and LDL in hypertensive patients.19–21 Therefore, the findings from investigations of these parameters may reinforce routine monitoring of hypertensive patients in daily clinical practice to prevent CVD and other harmful consequences of hypertension.22

A large scale study conducted in Mexico showed that the most prevalent abnormality in Mexican urban adults, aged 20–69 years, was HDL cholesterol below 0.9 mmol/L (46.2% for men and 28.7% for women). Hypertriglyceridemia (>2.26 mmol/L) was the second most prevalent abnormality (24.3%). Increased LDL (≥4.21 mmol/L) was observed in 11.2% of the sample. Half of the hypertriglyceridemic subjects had a mixed dyslipidemia or low HDL cholesterol. More than 50% of the low HDL cases were not related to hypertriglyceridemia.23 The pan-European Survey of HDL measured lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in 3,866 patients with type 2 diabetes and 4,436 nondiabetic patients undergoing treatment for dyslipidemia in eleven European countries, and showed that diabetic patients had lower HDL (1.22±0.37 mmol/L versus 1.35±0.44 mmol/L, P<0.001) and higher TG (2.32±2.10 mmol/L versus 1.85±1.60 mmol/L, P<0.001) than nondiabetic patients.24 More diabetic compared to nondiabetic patients had low HDL (45% versus 30%, respectively), high TG (≥1.7 mmol/L; 57% versus 42%, respectively), or both (32% versus 19%, respectively). HDL <0.9 mmol/L was found in 18% of diabetic and 12% of nondiabetic subjects.24

Previous studies showed the high rate of CVD mortality among South-East Asian compared to the rest of the world and that majority of CVD deaths occur below the age of 70.25–28 A wide range of risk factors for CVD has been studied in Bangladesh, but few studies have measured the association of CVD risk with hypertension and lipid profile. A study in rural areas of Bangladesh reported that the prevalence of “high” TC concentration (>240 mg/dL or >6.2 mmol/L) in Bangladesh is about 17%, “high” LDL (≥160 mg/dL or ≥4.2 mmol/L) is about 2%, and “low” HDL (<40 mg/dL or <1.04 mmol/L) is about 67%.29

Limitations

Our study has several limitations. First, the sample size was obtained from an urban hospital and may not be representative of all hypertensive patients in Bangladesh. Second, our sample size was small, and the control group was selected purposively, not age and sex matched. In addition, we could not compare the effects of lipid profile variation due to diet, physical activity, medication, or other factors.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that patients with hypertension are more likely than normotensive patients to exhibit dyslipidemia, including elevated TC, LDL, TG, and reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Our results suggest that elevated BP may predict certain disturbances in lipoprotein metabolism. This association will help to develop future strategies for preventing both hypertension and dyslipidemia through proper lifestyle changes or medical management or by the combination of both. Hypertensive patients need measurement of BP and lipid profile at regular intervals throughout their primary health care to prevent CVD and stroke.