On the pathway of forming enzymatically productive ligand-protein complexes in lactate dehydrogenase.

We have carried out a series of studies on the binding of a substrate mimic to the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using advanced kinetic approaches, which begin to provide a molecular picture of the dynamics of ligand binding for this protein. Binding proceeds via a binding-competent subpopulation of the nonligated form of the protein (the LDH/NADH binary complex) to form a protein-ligand encounter complex. The work here describes the collapse of the encounter complex to form the catalytically competent Michaelis complex. Isotope-edited static Fourier transform infrared studies on the bound oxamate protein complex reveal two kinds of oxamate environments: 1), a major populated structure wherein all significant hydrogen-bonding patterns are formed at the active site between protein and bound ligand necessary for the catalytically productive Michaelis complex and 2), a minor structure in a configuration of the active site that is unfavorable to carry out catalyzed chemistry. This latter structure likely simulates a dead-end complex in the reaction mixture. Temperature jump isotope-edited transient infrared studies on the binding of oxamate with LDH/NADH suggest that the evolution of the encounter complex between LDH/NADH and oxamate collapses via a branched reaction pathway to form the major and minor bound species. The production of the catalytically competent protein-substrate complex has strong similarities to kinetic pathways found in two-state protein folding processes. Once the encounter complex is formed between LDH/NADH and substrate, the ternary protein-ligand complex appears to "fold" to form a compact productive complex in an all or nothing like fashion with all the important molecular interactions coming together at the same time.