Regulation of gene transcription by the histone H2A N-terminal domain.

Histone N-terminal domains play critical roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene transcription. Relatively little is known, however, about the role of the histone H2A N-terminal domain in transcription regulation. We have used DNA microarrays to characterize the changes in genome-wide expression caused by mutations in the N-terminal domain of histone H2A. Our results indicate that the N-terminal domain of histone H2A functions primarily to repress the transcription of a large subset of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome and that most of the H2A-repressed genes are also repressed by the histone H2B N-terminal domain. Using the histone H2A microarray data, we selected three reporter genes (BNA1, BNA2, and GCY1), which we subsequently used to map regions in the H2A N-terminal domain responsible for this transcriptional repression. These studies revealed that a small subdomain in the H2A N-terminal tail, comprised of residues 16 to 20, is required for the transcriptional repression of these reporter genes. Deletion of either the entire histone H2A N-terminal domain or just this small subdomain imparts sensitivity to UV irradiation. Finally, we show that two residues in this H2A subdomain, serine-17 and arginine-18, are specifically required for the transcriptional repression of the BNA2 reporter gene.