The mirror effect and attention-likelihood theory: a reflective analysis.

The mirror effect refers to findings from studies of recognition memory consistent with the idea that the underlying "strength" distributions are symmetric around their midpoint separating studied and nonstudied items. Attention-likelihood theory assumes underlying binomial distributions of marked features and claims that old-item differences result from differential attention across conditions during study. The symmetry arises because subjects use the likelihood ratio as the basis for decision. The author analyzes the model and argues that one of the main criticisms (the complexity of the likelihood-ratio decision rule) is unwarranted. A further analysis shows that other distributions (the Poisson and the hypergeometric) can also produce a mirror effect. Even with the binomial distribution, a variety of parameter values can produce a mirror effect, and with the right combination of parameter values, differential attention across conditions is not necessary for a mirror effect to occur.