On the influence of volume currents and extended sources on neuromagnetic fields: a simulation study.

The influence of volume currents on the magnetic field is an important question in magnetoencephalography since the spherical volume conductor is still widely used for source localization. In theory, the magnetic field of a radial dipole in a homogeneous sphere is zero. In realistic models of the head, the field is suppressed when compared with a tangential dipole. To determine the influence of the volume currents, this suppression ratio (magnetic field of the radial dipole divided by the field of the tangential dipole) needs to be quantified. Large-scale finite element method models of the human head and the rabbit head were constructed and the suppression ratio was computed. The computed suppression value of 0.28 in the rabbit head was similar to the previously measured experimental value. In the human head, an average suppression ratio of 0.19 +/- 0.07 was found for different regions and depths in the gray matter. It was found that the computed magnetic field of radial sources varied significantly with the conductivities of the surrounding tissues where the dipole was located. We also modeled the magnetic field of an epileptic interictal spike in a finite element model of the rabbit head with a single dipole and with extended sources of varying length (1-8 mm). The extended source models developed were based on invasive measurements of an interictal spike within the rabbit brain. The field patterns of the small (1-2 mm) extended sources were similar to a single dipolar source and begin to deviate significantly from a dipolar field for the larger extended sources (6-8 mm).