Electron microscopic visualization of protein-DNA interactions at the estrogen responsive element and in the first intron of the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin gene.

Stable protein-DNA complexes can be assembled in vitro at the 5' end of Xenopus laevis vitellogenin genes using extracts of nuclei from estrogen-induced frog liver and visualized by electron microscopy. Complexes at the three following sites can be identified on the gene B2: the transcription initiation site, the estrogen responsive element (ERE) and in the first intron. The complex at the transcription initiation site is stabilized by dinucleotides and thus represents a ternary transcription complex. The formation of the complexes at the two other sites is enhanced by estrogen and is reduced by tamoxifen, an antagonist of estrogen, while this latter effect is reversed by adding an excess of hormone. No sequence homology is apparent between the site containing the ERE and the binding site in intron I and functional tests in MCF-7 cells suggest that these two sites are not equivalent. Finally, we made use of previously characterized deletion mutants of the 5' flanking region of the gene B1, a close relative of the gene B2, to demonstrate that the 13-bp palindromic core element of the ERE is involved in the formation of the complexes observed upstream of the transcription initiation site.