Semantic generalization of punishment-related attentional priority.

The present study aimed to determine whether attentional prioritization of visual stimuli associated with punishment transfers across conceptual knowledge independently of physical features. Participants performed a Stroop task in which words were presented individually. These stimuli consisted of four pairs of synonyms selected such that the two words of each pair have both a strong semantic association and no perceptual similarity. In the learning phase, two words (from two different pairs) were associated with shock independently of performance; all the other words were never paired with shock. In the subsequent test phase, no shock was delivered. Results are consistent with semantic generalization of punishment-related attentional priority; synonyms of words paired with shock produced a Stroop interference effect (i.e., slower response times) in learning and test phases, relative to synonyms of words not paired with shock, suggesting they were prioritized by attention.