Establishing design principles for emissive organic SWIR chromophores from energy gap laws.

Rational design of bright near and shortwave infrared (NIR: 700-1000 SWIR: 1000- 2000 nm) emitters remains an open question with applications spanning imaging and photonics. Combining experiment and theory, we derive an energy gap quantum yield master equation (EQME), describing the fundamental limits in SWIR quantum yields (ϕ F ) for organic chromophores. Evaluating the photophysics of 21 polymethine NIR/SWIR chromophores to parameterize the EQME, we explain the precipitous decline of ϕ F past 900 nm through decreasing radiative rates and increasing nonradiative losses via high frequency vibrations relating to the energy gap. Using the EQME we develop an energy gap independent ϕ F NIR/SWIR chromophore comparison metric. We show electron donating character on polymethine heterocycles results in relative increases in radiative efficiency obscured by a simultaneous redshift. Finally, the EQME yields rational chromophore design insights shown by how deuteration (backed by our experimental results) or molecular aggregation increases SWIR ϕ F .