eNEUROANAT-CF: a Conceptual Instructional Design Framework for Neuroanatomy e-Learning Tools.

In an era which is witnessing a significant rise in incidence of neurological diseases, there is also a rise in neurophobia: the diminished confidence of clinical practitioners and students to manage patients with neurological conditions. In this context, the perceived nexus between neuroanatomy-phobia (the challenges and fear associated with learning neuroanatomy) and neurophobia highlighted the need to revisit the neuroanatomy pedagogies and their instructional designs. e-Learning can be effectively employed to enhance students' learning of neuroanatomy. This perspective describes a conceptual framework for online neuroanatomy learning (e-neuroanatomy learning conceptual framework (eNEUROANAT-CF)), which provides a theoretical grounding to newly developed neuroanatomy e-learning resources, by offering a set of instructional design principles. The framework is rooted in the theories of adult learning, cognitive load, and Mayer's theory of multimedia learning. eNEUROANAT-CF was validated by imparting user opinion regarding the best perceived instructional design features for learning neuroanatomy. Furthermore, it was effectively employed to inform the pedagogical construct of an e-tool to help students learn the spinal pathways. The perspective highlights the theoretical underpinnings of the eNEUROANAT-CF under seven categories, namely "avoidance of cognitive overload," "learning style preferences," "contextualization," "motivation," "social learning," "feedback/reflection," and "active learning." In addition, elaborative examples are provided, which explains how eNEUROANAT-CF informed the instructional design features of the abovementioned e-tool. The authors propose that any novel, interactive neuroanatomy e-learning resource rooted in the instructional design principles outlined by the eNEUROANAT-CF will improve users' learning and understanding of neuroanatomy. The research shows promise to help break the perceived nexus between neuroanatomy-phobia and neurophobia. © International Association of Medical Science Educators 2021.