Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics.

Low reproducibility and non-optimal sample sizes are current concerns in scientific research, especially within human movement studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of different sample sizes and number of steps on data variability and statistical outcomes from kinematic and kinetics running biomechanical variables. Forty-four participants ran overground using their preferred technique (normal) and minimizing the contact sound volume (silent). Running speed, peak vertical, braking forces, and vertical average loading rate were extracted from > 40 steps/runner. Data stability was computed using a sequential estimation technique. Statistical outcomes (p values and effect sizes) from the comparison normal vs silent running were extracted from 100,000 random samples, using various combinations of sample size (from 10 to 40 runners) and number of steps (from 5 to 40 steps). The results showed that only 35% of the study sample could reach average stability using up to 10 steps across all biomechanical variables. The loading rate was consistently significantly lower during silent running compared to normal running, with large effect sizes across all combinations. However, variables presenting small or medium effect sizes (running speed and peak braking force), required > 20 runners to reach significant differences. Therefore, varying sample sizes and number of steps are shown to influence the normal vs silent running statistical outcomes in a variable-dependent manner. Based on our results, we recommend that studies involving analysis of traditional running biomechanical variables use a minimum of 25 participants and 25 steps from each participant to provide appropriate data stability and statistical power.