Xiaodong Ji1,2, Wenyang Huang3, Huazheng Dong4, Zhiwei Shen5, Meizhu Zheng6, Dehui Zou3, Wen Shen2, Shuang Xia2. 1. Radiology Department, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. 2. Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. 3. State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tianjin, China. 4. Radiology Department, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China. 5. Philips Healthcare, World Profit Centre, Beijing, China. 6. Radiological Department, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer caused by the unlimited proliferation of intramedullary plasma cells. The presence of focal lesions (FLs) is presumed to be a more relevant factor for patient outcomes and risk distribution than diffuse bone marrow signal abnormalities. Signal changes in these FLs also have a good correlation with prognosis. As the cell density increased, a lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was found with the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Therefore, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with DWI sequences is sensitive to cell density and viability and may be vital for disease detection and therapy response assessments. However, the correlation between the DWI signal and the degree of bone destruction and the proportion of bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) was still unclear in patients with MM. Water-fat separation MRI is used mainly for evaluating liver and bone marrow fat quantification, and fat quantification in other diseases. Meanwhile, it is also possible to assess the extent of bone marrow invasion in medullary lesions. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between ADC values from whole-body DWI and water/fat MRI signals from T1-weighted water-fat separation in evaluating bone marrow infiltration in patients with MM. METHODS: The study included 35 patients with MM who underwent whole-body DWI and T1-weighted water-fat separation Dixon examinations before therapy. The ADC values, normalized fat signal intensity (nMfat), normalized water molecular signal intensity (nMwater), and normalized fat fraction (nFF) of the thoracolumbar spine was measured in FLs and the normal-appearing bone marrow (NABM). The differences in values were compared using the independent-samples t-test. The correlation between ADC values and water-fat MRI signals was estimated using the Pearson or Spearman correlation test. The correlation between the MRI above parameters and proportions of BMPC was also explored. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the mean ADC values in FLs and NABM (0.72 vs. 0.33 mm2/s, P<0.0001). Significantly elevated nMwater values and decreased nMfat and nFF values were observed in FLs; no correlations were found in NABM (P>0.05). The ADC value highly correlated with nMfat and nFF values and moderately with the nMwater value in FLs (r=-0.899, -0.834, 0.642, respectively, P<0.0001). Correlations were also observed between the proportion of BMPC and MRI parameters in MM (r=0.984, 0.716, -0.938, and -0.905, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ADC value combined with water-fat separation parameters could be used for evaluating thoracolumbar bone marrow infiltration in MM. All parameters correlated with the proportion of BMPC, which helped assess the early response in MM therapy. 2021 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer caused by the unlimited proliferation of intramedullary plasma cells. The presence of focal lesions (FLs) is presumed to be a more relevant factor for patient outcomes and risk distribution than diffuse bone marrow signal abnormalities. Signal changes in these FLs also have a good correlation with prognosis. As the cell density increased, a lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was found with the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Therefore, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with DWI sequences is sensitive to cell density and viability and may be vital for disease detection and therapy response assessments. However, the correlation between the DWI signal and the degree of bone destruction and the proportion of bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) was still unclear in patients with MM. Water-fat separation MRI is used mainly for evaluating liver and bone marrow fat quantification, and fat quantification in other diseases. Meanwhile, it is also possible to assess the extent of bone marrow invasion in medullary lesions. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between ADC values from whole-body DWI and water/fat MRI signals from T1-weighted water-fat separation in evaluating bone marrow infiltration in patients with MM. METHODS: The study included 35 patients with MM who underwent whole-body DWI and T1-weighted water-fat separation Dixon examinations before therapy. The ADC values, normalized fat signal intensity (nMfat), normalized water molecular signal intensity (nMwater), and normalized fat fraction (nFF) of the thoracolumbar spine was measured in FLs and the normal-appearing bone marrow (NABM). The differences in values were compared using the independent-samples t-test. The correlation between ADC values and water-fat MRI signals was estimated using the Pearson or Spearman correlation test. The correlation between the MRI above parameters and proportions of BMPC was also explored. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the mean ADC values in FLs and NABM (0.72 vs. 0.33 mm2/s, P<0.0001). Significantly elevated nMwater values and decreased nMfat and nFF values were observed in FLs; no correlations were found in NABM (P>0.05). The ADC value highly correlated with nMfat and nFF values and moderately with the nMwater value in FLs (r=-0.899, -0.834, 0.642, respectively, P<0.0001). Correlations were also observed between the proportion of BMPC and MRI parameters in MM (r=0.984, 0.716, -0.938, and -0.905, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ADC value combined with water-fat separation parameters could be used for evaluating thoracolumbar bone marrow infiltration in MM. All parameters correlated with the proportion of BMPC, which helped assess the early response in MM therapy. 2021 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.
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