| Literature DB >> 33487667 |
Werner Rath1, Patrick Stelzl2, Sven Kehl3.
Abstract
As the number of labor inductions in high-income countries has steadily risen, hospital costs and the additional burden on obstetric staff have also increased. Outpatient induction of labor is therefore becoming increasingly important. It has been estimated that 20 - 50% of all pregnant women requiring induction would be eligible for outpatient induction. The use of balloon catheters in patients with an unripe cervix has been shown to be an effective and safe method of cervical priming. Balloon catheters are as effective as the vaginal administration of prostaglandin E 2 or oral misoprostol. The advantage of using a balloon catheter is that it avoids uterine hyperstimulation and monitoring is less expensive. This makes balloon catheters a suitable option for outpatient cervical ripening. Admittedly, intravenous administration of oxytocin to induce or augment labor is required in approximately 75% of cases. Balloon catheters are not associated with a higher risk of maternal and neonatal infection compared to vaginal PGE 2 . Low-risk pregnancies (e.g., post-term pregnancies, gestational diabetes) are suitable for outpatient cervical ripening with a balloon catheter. The data for high-risk pregnancies are still insufficient. The following conditions are recommended when considering an outpatient approach: strict selection of appropriate patients (singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation, intact membranes), CTG monitoring for 20 - 40 minutes after balloon placement, the patient must be given detailed instructions about the indications for immediate readmission to hospital, and 24-hour phone access to the hospital must be ensured. According to reviewed studies, the balloon catheter remained in place between 12 hours ("overnight") and 24 hours. The most common reason for readmission to hospital was expulsion of the balloon catheter. The advantages of outpatient versus inpatient induction of cervical ripening with a balloon catheter were the significantly shorter hospital stay, the lower costs, and higher patient satisfaction, with both procedures having been shown to be equally effective. Complication rates (e.g., vaginal bleeding, severe pain, uterine hyperstimulation syndrome) during the cervical ripening phase are low (0.3 - 1.5%); severe adverse outcomes (e.g., placental abruption) have not been reported. Compared to inpatient induction of labor using vaginal PGE 2 , outpatient cervical ripening using a balloon catheter had a lower rate of deliveries/24 hours and a significantly higher need for oxytocin; however, hospital stay was significantly shorter, frequency of pain during the cervical ripening phase was significantly lower, and patients' duration of sleep was longer. A randomized controlled study comparing outpatient cervical priming with a balloon catheter with outpatient or inpatient induction of labor with oral misoprostol would be of clinical interest. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Entities:
Keywords: balloon catheter; efficacy; outpatient/inpatient induction of labor/cervical priming; prostaglandins; safety
Year: 2021 PMID: 33487667 PMCID: PMC7815336 DOI: 10.1055/a-1308-2341
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.754
Table 1 Comparison of use of balloon catheters for cervical ripening/induction of labor in patients with an unripe cervix: outpatient versus inpatient use.
| Author/Year | No. of outpatients/inpatients | Study | Primary outcome criteria | Main indication for induction | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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Duration of balloon placement: approx. 12 h (“overnight”)
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| Sciscione AL 2001 + | 61/50 | randomized | Improvement of BS during balloon placement | elective, PTP |
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| Mc Kenna 2004 + | 300/315 | retrospective | Rate of vaginal deliveries | PTP, preeclampsia |
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| Wilkinson C 2015 + | 33/15 | randomized | Oxytocin requirement | PTP |
|
| Kruit H 2016* | 204/281 | prospective | Caesarean section rate Maternal/neonatal infection | PTP |
|
| Policiano C 2017* | 65/65 | randomized | Improvement of BS during balloon placement | PTP |
shorter induction-to-delivery interval (38.2 vs. 44.9 h) shorter hospital stay (− 10 h) lower caesarean section rate due to failure to progress in labor (3 vs. 17%) |
Table 2 Comparison of labor induction by outpatient balloon catheter placement with inpatient administration of vaginal PGE 2 gel in patients with an unripe cervix.
| Author/Year | No. of pts. in balloon/PGE 2 group | Study | Primary outcome criterion | Main indication for labor induction | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations: BS = Bishop Score, PTP = post-term pregnancy, pts. = patients | |||||
| Henry A 2013 | 50/51 | randomized | Rate of vaginal deliveries/12 h after admission to labor ward | PTP |
Rate of vaginal deliveries/12 h: 28 vs. 53% Duration of hospital stay: 21 vs. 32 h More oxytocin required: 88 vs. 59% Hours of sleep: 5.8 vs. 3.4 h Pain during cervical ripening: 26 vs. 58% |
| Beckmann M 2020 | 215/233 | randomized, controlled | Overall neonatal morbidity | PTP |
Lower overall neonatal morbidity for nulliparae: 20.4 vs. 31% (p = 0.032) Multiparae: higher c-section rate: 17.2 vs. 5.1% (p = 0.045) |
Table 3 Approach for outpatient induction of labor using a balloon catheter.
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Informed consent |
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Ensure hospital can be contacted easily (telephone number) |
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Table 4 Inclusion criteria for outpatient induction of labor with a balloon catheter.
Pregnant womanʼs preference for outpatient procedure, age > 18 years |
Gestational age ≥ 37 + 0 weeks of gestation |
Singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation |
No low-lying placenta/placenta previa |
Low risk: e.g., no preeclampsia/underlying maternal disease, no previous caesarean section, negative group B Strep swab test |
Normal lab test at admission |
No fever (temperature < 37.6 °C ear thermometer) |
Normal CTG |
Good communiation with the patient, patientʼs compliance, pregnant woman can return to hospital within a short time |
Tab. 1 Vergleich Ballonkatheter zur Zervixreifung/Geburtseinleitung bei unreifer Zervix: ambulant versus stationär.
| Autor/Jahr | n: ambulant/ stationär | Studie | prim. Zielkriterien | Hauptindikation zur Einleitung | Ergebnisse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
+
Liegezeit des Ballons: ca. 12 h („über Nacht“)
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| Sciscione AL 2001 + | 61/50 | randomisiert | Verbesserung des BS während Liegezeit | elektiv, TÜ |
|
| Mc Kenna 2004 + | 300/315 | retrospektiv | Rate vaginaler Geburten | TÜ, Präeklampsie |
|
| Wilkinson C 2015 + | 33/15 | randomisiert | Oxytocin notwendig | TÜ |
|
| Kruit H 2016* | 204/281 | Kohorten | Sectiorate | TÜ |
|
| Policiano C 2017* | 65/65 | randomisiert | Verbesserung des BS während Liegezeit | TÜ |
kürzeres Einleitung-Geburts-Intervall (38,2 vs. 44,9 h) kürzere Hospitalisierungszeit (− 10 h) niedrigere Sectiorate infolge Geburtsstillstand (3 vs. 17%) |
Tab. 2 Vergleich Ballonkatheter ambulant versus vaginales PGE 2 -Gel stationär zur Geburtseinleitung bei unreifer Zervix.
| Autor/Jahr | n: Ballon/PGE 2 | Studie | prim. Zielkriterium | Hauptindikation zur Einleitung | Ergebnisse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkürzungen: BS = Bishop Score, TÜ = Terminüberschreitung | |||||
| Henry A 2013 | 50/51 | randomisiert | Rate vaginaler Geburten/12 h nach Kreißsaalaufnahme | TÜ |
Rate vag. Geburten/12 h: 28 vs. 53% Hospitalisierungsdauer: 21 vs. 32 h höherer Oxytocin-Bedarf: 88 vs. 59% Stunden Schlaf: 5,8 vs. 3,4 h Schmerzen während Zervixreifung: 26 vs. 58% |
| Beckmann M 2020 | 215/233 | randomisiert, kontrolliert | neonatale Gesamtmorbidität | TÜ |
niedrigere neonatale Gesamtmorbidität bei Nulliparae: 20,4 vs. 31% (p = 0,032) Mehrgebärende: höhere Sectiorate: 17,2 vs. 5,1% (p = 0,045) |
Tab. 3 mögliches Vorgehen: ambulante Geburtseinleitung mit Ballonkatheter.
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Einwilligung („informed consent“) |
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Kontakt zur Klinik gewährleisten (Tel.-Nr.) |
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Tab. 4 Einschlusskriterien für ambulante Zervixreifung mit Ballonkathetern.
Wunsch der Schwangeren nach ambulantem Vorgehen, Alter > 18 Jahre |
Gestationsalter ≥ 37 + 0 SSW |
Einlingsschwangerschaft, Schädellage |
kein tiefer Plazentasitz, Placenta praevia |
niedriges Risiko: z. B. keine Präeklampsie/mütterliche Grunderkrankungen, keine vorangegangene Sectio, negativer B-Streptokokken-Abstrich |
unauffälliges Aufnahmelabor |
kein Fieber (Temperatur < 37,6 °C Ohrthermometer) |
unauffälliges CTG |
gute Kommunikation mit Patient möglich, Compliance, Klinik für Schwangere zeitnah erreichbar |