| Literature DB >> 35392068 |
Werner Rath1, Holger Maul2, Ioannis Kyvernitakis2, Patrick Stelzl3.
Abstract
According to current guidelines, inpatient management until birth is considered standard in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). With the increasing burden on obstetric departments and the growing importance of satisfaction and right to self-determination in pregnant women, outpatient management in PPROM is a possible alternative to inpatient monitoring. The most important criterion for this approach is to ensure the safety of both the mother and the child. Due to the small number of cases (n = 116), two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing inpatient and outpatient management were unable to draw any conclusions. By 2020, eight retrospective comparative studies (cohort/observational studies) yielded the following outcomes: no significant differences in the rate of maternal complications (e.g., chorioamnionitis, premature placental abruption, umbilical cord prolapse) and in neonatal morbidity, significantly prolonged latency period with higher gestational age at birth, higher birth weight of neonates, and significantly shorter length of stay of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care, shorter hospital stay of pregnant women, and lower treatment costs with outpatient management. Concerns regarding this approach are mainly related to unpredictable complications with the need for rapid obstetric interventions, which cannot be performed in time in an outpatient setting. Prerequisites for outpatient management are the compliance of the expectant mother, the adherence to strict selection criteria and the assurance of adequate monitoring at home. Future research should aim at more accurate risk assessment of obstetric complications through studies with higher case numbers and standardisation of outpatient management under evidence-based criteria. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: inpatient versus outpatient management; latency period; maternal complications; perinatal/neonatal morbidity; preterm premature rupture of membranes
Year: 2021 PMID: 35392068 PMCID: PMC8983112 DOI: 10.1055/a-1515-2801
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Inpatient versus outpatient management of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): Literature review.
| Author/year | Trial (EL) | n: outpatient/ inpatient | Inclusion criteria | Primary outcome measures | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlan 1993 | RCT | 28/27 | PPROM < 37 weeks | Latency period |
|
| Ryan 1999 | RCT | 31/30 | See Carlan 1993 | Not specified | |
| Ayres 2002 | Retrospective case series | 10/8 | PPROM 24 – 34 weeks | Not specified | |
| Beckmann 2013 | Retrospective observational study | 53/91 | PPROM 24 + 0 to 32 + 0 weeks | Overall maternal and perinatal/neonatal morbidity |
|
| Huret 2014 + | Retrospective cohort | 82/149 | PPROM: 32 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks | Maternal and neonatal morbidity |
|
| Garabedian 2015 | retrospective | 24/32 | PPROM: 24 – 35 weeks | Maternal and neonatal morbidity |
|
| Catt 2016 | Retrospective cohort | 133/122 | PPROM: 20 – 34 weeks | Latency period |
|
| Palmer 2017 | retrospective observational study | 87/89 | PPROM: 23 + 0 to 34 + 0 weeks | Maternal and neonatal morbidity/mortality |
|
| Dussaux 2018 | Retrospective cohort | 90/324 | PPROM: 24 + 0 to 34 + 0 weeks | Maternal and neonatal morbidity/mortality |
|
| Bouchghoul 2019 | retrospective observational study | 341/246 | PPROM: 24 + 0 to 33 + 6 weeks | Perinatal and neonatal morbidity |
|
| Guckert 2020 | retrospective | 191/204 | PPROM: 24 + 0 to 35 + 6 weeks | Latency period |
|
| Inclusion criteria in all trials: outpatient distance from hospital (e.g. < 30 min, < 50 km). | |||||
Table 2 (Outpatient) Management following preterm premature rupture (from studies)*.
| Author/Year | Management |
|---|---|
| * if specified in study, only English-language literature | |
| Carlan 1993 | Body temperature and pulse every 6 h, foetal movements = 1×/day |
| Beckmann 2013 | Clinical symptoms, abdominal palpation, pulse/BP, foetal HR = 2×/week. |
| Palmer 2017 |
Clinical follow-up by midwife
|
| Dussaux 2018 | Clinical follow-up by midwife = 1 ×/day, foetal HR |
| Petit 2018 |
Clinical follow-up by midwife
|
| Bouchghoul 2019 | CTG = 1 ×/day, blood count/CRP = 2 ×/week |
| Guckert 2020 | For monitoring modalities see Petit et al. 2018 |
Table 3 Conditions and selection criteria for outpatient ( home ) management in preterm premature rupture of the membranes – summary from studies.
Initial inpatient management for 3 – 5 days: Antibiotics, induction of foetal lung maturation |
Informed consent: Preferences/compliance of the pregnant woman, risks, instructions for rapid readmission to hospital, phone contact with the hospital |
Attention to the selection criteria before discharge: Unremarkable CTG, no foetal tachycardia, no contractions
No clinical signs of chorioamnionitis
No vaginal bleeding Cervical opening < 2 (3) cm Singleton pregnancy No PPROM < 26 weeksʼ gestation (Petit et al. 2018) Optional: Cephalic presentation, AFI > 2 cm, no additional risks of pregnancy Short distance to the hospital (e.g. 30 min, < 50 km) |
Ensuring adequate outpatient management |
Tab. 1 Ambulantes vs. stationäres Vorgehen bei frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung (PPROM): Literaturübersicht.
| Autor/Jahr | Studie (EL) | n: ambulant/ stationär | Einschlusskriterien | primäre Zielkriterien | Ergebnisse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlan 1993 | RCT | 28/27 | PPROM < 37 SSW | Latenzperiode |
|
| Ryan 1999 | RCT | 31/30 | wie Carlan 1993 | keine Angaben | |
| Ayres 2002 | retrospektive Fallserie | 10/8 | PPROM 24 – 34 SSW | keine Angaben | |
| Beckmann 2013 | retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie | 53/91 | PPROM 24 + 0 – 32 + 0 SSW | mütterliche und perinatale/neonatale Gesamtmorbidität |
|
| Huret 2014 + | retrospektive Kohorte | 82/149 | PPROM: 32 + 0 – 36 + 6 SSW | mütterliche und neonatale Morbidität |
|
| Garabedian 2015 | retrospektive | 24/32 | PPROM: 24 – 35. SSW | mütterliche und neonatale Morbidität |
|
| Catt 2016 | retrospektive Kohorte | 133/122 | PPROM: 20 – 34. SSW | Latenzperiode |
|
| Palmer 2017 | retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie | 87/89 | PPROM: 23 + 0 – 34 + 0 SSW | mütterliche und neonatale Morbidität/ Mortalität |
|
| Dussaux 2018 | retrospektive Kohorte | 90/324 | PPROM: 24 + 0 – 34 + 0 SSW | mütterliche und neonatale Morbidität/ Mortalität |
|
| Bouchghoul 2019 | retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie | 341/246 | PPROM: 24 + 0 – 33 + 6 SSW | perinatale und neonatale Morbidität |
|
| Guckert 2020 | retrospektiv | 191/204 | PPROM: 24 + 0 – 35 + 6 SSW | Latenzperiode |
|
| Einschlusskriterien in allen Studien: häusliche Nähe zum Krankenhaus (z. B. < 30 min, < 50 km). | |||||
Tab. 2 Management bei ambulantem (häuslichem) Vorgehen nach frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung (aus Studien)*.
| Autor/Jahr | Management |
|---|---|
| * sofern in Studie angegeben, nur englischsprachige Literatur | |
| Carlan 1993 | Körpertemperatur und Puls alle 6 h, Kindsbewegungen = 1×/d |
| Beckmann 2013 | klinische Symptome, abdominale Palpation, Puls/RR, fetale Herzfrequenz = 2×/Woche |
| Palmer 2017 |
klinische Kontrolle durch Hebamme
|
| Dussaux 2018 | klinische Kontrolle durch Hebamme = 1×/d, fetale Herzfrequenz |
| Petit 2018 |
klinische Kontrolle durch Hebamme
|
| Bouchghoul 2019 | CTG = 1×/d, Blutbild/CRP = 2×/Woche |
| Guckert 2020 | Überwachungsmodalitäten wie Studie Petit et al. 2018 |
Tab. 3 Voraussetzungen und Selektionskriterien für ambulantes (häusliches) Management bei frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung – Zusammenstellung aus Studien.
initial stationäre Überwachung über 3 – 5 Tage: Antibiose, fetale Lungenreifeinduktion |
Aufklärungsgespräch: Wunsch der Schwangeren/Compliance, Risiken, Instruktionen für rasche Wiedervorstellung in Klinik, Telefonkontakt zur Klinik |
Beachtung der Selektionskriterien vor Entlassung: unauffälliges CTG, keine fetale Tachykardie, keine Wehen
kein klinischer Hinweis auf Chorioamnionitis
keine vaginale Blutung Zervixeröffnung < 2 (3) cm Einlingsschwangerschaft kein PPROM < 26. Schwangerschaftswoche (Petit et al. 2018) fakultativ: Schädellage, AFI > 2 cm, keine zusätzlichen Schwangerschaftsrisiken häusliche Nähe zur Klinik (z. B. 30 min, < 50 km) |
Gewährleistung einer adäquaten ambulanten Überwachung |