Sade Solola1, Luis Luy2, Kathryn Herrera-Theut3, Leanne Zabala3, Elmira Torabzadeh4, Edward J Bedrick4, Erika Yee5, Ashley Larsen5, Jeff Stone6, Marylyn McEwen7, Elizabeth Calhoun8, Janice D Crist7, Megan Hebdon7, Natalie Pool7, Molly Carnes9, Nancy Sweitzer10, Khadijah Breathett11. 1. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 2. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. 3. University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA. 4. Statistics Consulting Lab, Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 5. Sarver Heart Center, Clinical Research Office, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 6. Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 7. Department of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 8. Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 9. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. 10. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, PO Box 245046, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. 11. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, PO Box 245046, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. kbreathett@shc.arizona.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Older individuals encounter the greatest racial/gender biases. It is unknown whether younger generations, who often lead culture shifts, have racial and gender biases against older populations. METHODS: Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk's crowdsourcing, we identified how an individual's race and gender are associated with perceptions of individuals aged mid-60s. Participants were asked to rate photograph appearances on Likert Scale (1-10). Interactions between participant and photograph race and gender were assessed with mixed effects models. Delta represents rating differences (positive value higher rating for Whites or women, negative value higher rating for African-Americans or men). RESULTS: Among 1563 participants (mean 35 years ± 12), both non-Hispanic White (WP) and all Other race/ethnicity (OP) participants perceived African-American photos as more trustworthy [Delta WP -0.60(95%CI-0.83, - 0.37); Delta OP - 0.51(- 0.74,-0.28), interaction p = 0.06], more attractive [Delta non-Hispanic White participants - 0.63(- 0.97, - 0.29); Delta Other race/ethnicity participants - 0.40 (- 0.74, - 0.28), interaction p < 0.001], healthier [Delta WP -0.31(- 0.53, - 0.08); Delta OP -0.24(- 0.45, -0.03), interaction p = 1.00], and less threatening than White photos [Delta WP 0.79(0.36,1.22); Delta OP 0.60(0.17,1.03), interaction p < 0.001]. Compared with OP, WP perceived African-American photos more favorably for intelligence (interaction p < 0.001). Both genders perceived photos of women as more trustworthy [Delta Women Participants (WmP) 0.50(0.27,0.73); Delta Men Participants(MnP) 0.31(0.08,0.54); interaction p < 0.001] and men as more threatening [Delta WmP -0.84(-1.27, -0.41), Delta MnP - 0.77(- 1.20, - 0.34), interaction p = 0.93]. Compared with MnP, WmP perceived photos of women as happier and more attractive than men (interaction p < 0.001). Compared with WmP, MnP perceived men as healthier than women (interaction p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among a young generation, older African-Americans were perceived more favorably than Whites. Gender perceptions followed gender norms. This suggests a decline in implicit bias against older minorities, but gender biases persist. Future work should investigate whether similar patterns are observed in healthcare.
BACKGROUND: Older individuals encounter the greatest racial/gender biases. It is unknown whether younger generations, who often lead culture shifts, have racial and gender biases against older populations. METHODS: Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk's crowdsourcing, we identified how an individual's race and gender are associated with perceptions of individuals aged mid-60s. Participants were asked to rate photograph appearances on Likert Scale (1-10). Interactions between participant and photograph race and gender were assessed with mixed effects models. Delta represents rating differences (positive value higher rating for Whites or women, negative value higher rating for African-Americans or men). RESULTS: Among 1563 participants (mean 35 years ± 12), both non-Hispanic White (WP) and all Other race/ethnicity (OP) participants perceived African-American photos as more trustworthy [Delta WP -0.60(95%CI-0.83, - 0.37); Delta OP - 0.51(- 0.74,-0.28), interaction p = 0.06], more attractive [Delta non-Hispanic White participants - 0.63(- 0.97, - 0.29); Delta Other race/ethnicity participants - 0.40 (- 0.74, - 0.28), interaction p < 0.001], healthier [Delta WP -0.31(- 0.53, - 0.08); Delta OP -0.24(- 0.45, -0.03), interaction p = 1.00], and less threatening than White photos [Delta WP 0.79(0.36,1.22); Delta OP 0.60(0.17,1.03), interaction p < 0.001]. Compared with OP, WP perceived African-American photos more favorably for intelligence (interaction p < 0.001). Both genders perceived photos of women as more trustworthy [Delta Women Participants (WmP) 0.50(0.27,0.73); Delta Men Participants(MnP) 0.31(0.08,0.54); interaction p < 0.001] and men as more threatening [Delta WmP -0.84(-1.27, -0.41), Delta MnP - 0.77(- 1.20, - 0.34), interaction p = 0.93]. Compared with MnP, WmP perceived photos of women as happier and more attractive than men (interaction p < 0.001). Compared with WmP, MnP perceived men as healthier than women (interaction p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among a young generation, older African-Americans were perceived more favorably than Whites. Gender perceptions followed gender norms. This suggests a decline in implicit bias against older minorities, but gender biases persist. Future work should investigate whether similar patterns are observed in healthcare.
Authors: Lisa A Cooper; Debra L Roter; Kathryn A Carson; Mary Catherine Beach; Janice A Sabin; Anthony G Greenwald; Thomas S Inui Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2012-03-15 Impact factor: 9.308
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Authors: Khadijah Breathett; Jacqueline Jones; Hillary D Lum; Dawn Koonkongsatian; Christine D Jones; Urvi Sanghvi; Lilian Hoffecker; Marylyn McEwen; Stacie L Daugherty; Irene V Blair; Elizabeth Calhoun; Esther de Groot; Nancy K Sweitzer; Pamela N Peterson Journal: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities Date: 2018-03-05
Authors: Irene V Blair; John F Steiner; Diane L Fairclough; Rebecca Hanratty; David W Price; Holen K Hirsh; Leslie A Wright; Michael Bronsert; Elhum Karimkhani; David J Magid; Edward P Havranek Journal: Ann Fam Med Date: 2013 Jan-Feb Impact factor: 5.166
Authors: Khadijah Breathett; Erika Yee; Natalie Pool; Megan Hebdon; Janice D Crist; Ryan H Yee; Shannon M Knapp; Sade Solola; Luis Luy; Kathryn Herrera-Theut; Leanne Zabala; Jeff Stone; Marylyn M McEwen; Elizabeth Calhoun; Nancy K Sweitzer Journal: JAMA Netw Open Date: 2020-07-01