Multimodal handheld adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

Non-confocal adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) has enhanced the study of human retinal photoreceptors by providing complementary information to standard confocal AOSLO images. Previously we developed the first confocal handheld AOSLO (HAOSLO) capable of in vivo cone photoreceptor imaging in supine and non-cooperative patients. Here, we introduce the first multimodal (M-)HAOSLO for confocal and non-confocal split-detection (SD) imaging to allow for more comprehensive patient data collection. Aside from its unprecedented miniature size and weight, M-HAOSLO is also the first system to perform sensorless wavefront-corrected SD imaging of cone photoreceptors.