Anupam Chandra1,2, Helge Røsjø3,4, My Svensson5,3, Thea Vigen3,6, Håkon Ihle-Hansen7, Eivind Bjørkan Orstad6, Ole Morten Rønning3,6, Magnus Nakrem Lyngbakken3,6, Ståle Nygård8,9, Trygve Berge7, Erik Berg Schmidt10, Torbjørn Omland3,6, Arnljot Tveit3,7, Ivar Anders Eide5. 1. Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway. Anupam.Chandra@ahus.no. 2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Anupam.Chandra@ahus.no. 3. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 4. Division of Research and Innovation, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway. 5. Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway. 6. Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway. 7. Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway. 8. Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 9. Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 10. Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A high intake of linoleic acid (LA), the major dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), has previously been associated with reduced cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in observational studies. However, recent secondary analyses from clinical trials of LA-rich diet suggest harmful effects of LA on CV health. METHODS: A total of 3706 participants, all born in 1950, were included in this cross-sectional study. We investigated associations between plasma phospholipid levels of LA and CV risk factors in a Norwegian general population, characterized by a relative low LA and high marine n-3 PUFA intake. The main statistical approach was multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Plasma phospholipid LA levels ranged from 11.4 to 32.0 wt%, with a median level of 20.8 wt% (interquartile range 16.8-24.8 wt%). High plasma LA levels were associated with lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (standardized regression coefficient [Std. β-coeff.] -0.04, p = 0.02), serum triglycerides (Std. β-coeff. -0.10, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (Std. β-coeff. -0.10, p < 0.001), body mass index (Std. β-coeff. -0.13, p < 0.001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Std. β-coeff. -0.04, p = 0.03 and Std. β-coeff. -0.02, p = 0.02, respectively) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (Std. β-coeff. -0.09, p < 0.001). We found no association between plasma LA levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, glycated hemoglobin, carotid intima-media thickness, or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: High plasma LA levels were favorably associated with several CV risk factors in this study of a Norwegian general population.
BACKGROUND: A high intake of linoleic acid (LA), the major dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), has previously been associated with reduced cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in observational studies. However, recent secondary analyses from clinical trials of LA-rich diet suggest harmful effects of LA on CV health. METHODS: A total of 3706 participants, all born in 1950, were included in this cross-sectional study. We investigated associations between plasma phospholipid levels of LA and CV risk factors in a Norwegian general population, characterized by a relative low LA and high marine n-3 PUFA intake. The main statistical approach was multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Plasma phospholipid LA levels ranged from 11.4 to 32.0 wt%, with a median level of 20.8 wt% (interquartile range 16.8-24.8 wt%). High plasma LA levels were associated with lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (standardized regression coefficient [Std. β-coeff.] -0.04, p = 0.02), serum triglycerides (Std. β-coeff. -0.10, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (Std. β-coeff. -0.10, p < 0.001), body mass index (Std. β-coeff. -0.13, p < 0.001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Std. β-coeff. -0.04, p = 0.03 and Std. β-coeff. -0.02, p = 0.02, respectively) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (Std. β-coeff. -0.09, p < 0.001). We found no association between plasma LA levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, glycated hemoglobin, carotid intima-media thickness, or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: High plasma LA levels were favorably associated with several CV risk factors in this study of a Norwegian general population.
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