Anticancer activity, DNA binding and cell mechanistic studies of estrogen-functionalised Cu(II) complexes.

Four estrogen-functionalised copper complexes were synthesised and investigated as electrochemical active DNA binding and cleavage agents. These complexes strategically contain a biocompatible metal centre [Cu(II)], a planar aromatic ligand as DNA intercalative agent and an estradiol-derivative moiety which acts as delivery vector to target estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) cancer cells. Cytotoxic activity was studied over a panel of estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) and negative (ER-) human cancer cell lines by means of both 2D and 3D cell viability studies. The complexes showed high in vitro intercalative interaction with nuclear DNA and demonstrated to be strong DNA cleaving agents. This series of Cu compounds are potent anticancer agents with low and sub-micromolar IC50 values and the cellular uptake follows the lipophilicity order meaning that the internalisation mainly happened via passive diffusion. Finally, the estrogen-complexes are involved in the cellular redox stress by stimulating the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species).