Ingrid V Hagen1, Anita Helland1, Marianne Bratlie1, Øivind Midttun2, Adrian McCann2, Harald Sveier3, Grethe Rosenlund4, Gunnar Mellgren5,6, Per Magne Ueland2, Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen7. 1. Dietary Protein Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. 2. Bevital AS, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway. 3. Lerøy Seafood Group ASA, PO Box 7600, 5020, Bergen, Norway. 4. Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre AS, PO Box 48, 4001, Stavanger, Norway. 5. Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. 6. Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. 7. Dietary Protein Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. oddrun.gudbrandsen@k1.uib.no.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To identify biomarkers to assess participants' compliance in an intervention study with high intake of cod or salmon, compared to a fish-free diet. METHODS: In this randomised clinical trial, 62 healthy overweight/obese participants consumed 750 g/week of either cod (N = 21) or salmon (N = 22) across 5 weekly dinners, or were instructed to continue their normal eating habits but avoid fish intake (Control group, N = 19) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: After cod intake, serum concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, p = 0.0043), creatine (p = 0.024) and 1-methylhistidine (1-MeHis, p = 0.014), and urine concentrations (relative to creatinine) of TMAO (p = 2.8 × 10-5), creatine (p = 8.3 × 10-4) and 1-MeHis (p = 0.016) were increased when compared to Control group. After salmon intake, serum concentrations of 1-MeHis (p = 2.0 × 10-6) and creatine (p = 6.1 × 10-4), and urine concentrations (relative to creatinine) of 1-MeHis (p = 4.2 × 10-6) and creatine (p = 4.0 × 10-5) were increased when compared to Control group. Serum and urine concentrations of TMAO were more increased following cod intake compared to salmon intake (p = 0.028 and 2.9 × 10-4, respectively), and serum and urine 1-MeHis concentrations were more increased after salmon intake compared to cod intake (p = 8.7 × 10-5 and 1.2 × 10-4, respectively). Cod and salmon intake did not affect serum and urine concentrations of 3-methylhistidine, and only marginally affected concentrations of free amino acids and amino acid metabolites. CONCLUSION:TMAO measured in serum or urine is a potential biomarker of cod intake, and 1-MeHis measured in serum or urine is a potential biomarker of salmon intake.
RCT Entities:
PURPOSE: To identify biomarkers to assess participants' compliance in an intervention study with high intake of cod or salmon, compared to a fish-free diet. METHODS: In this randomised clinical trial, 62 healthy overweight/obeseparticipants consumed 750 g/week of either cod (N = 21) or salmon (N = 22) across 5 weekly dinners, or were instructed to continue their normal eating habits but avoid fish intake (Control group, N = 19) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: After cod intake, serum concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, p = 0.0043), creatine (p = 0.024) and 1-methylhistidine (1-MeHis, p = 0.014), and urine concentrations (relative to creatinine) of TMAO (p = 2.8 × 10-5), creatine (p = 8.3 × 10-4) and 1-MeHis (p = 0.016) were increased when compared to Control group. After salmon intake, serum concentrations of 1-MeHis (p = 2.0 × 10-6) and creatine (p = 6.1 × 10-4), and urine concentrations (relative to creatinine) of 1-MeHis (p = 4.2 × 10-6) and creatine (p = 4.0 × 10-5) were increased when compared to Control group. Serum and urine concentrations of TMAO were more increased following cod intake compared to salmon intake (p = 0.028 and 2.9 × 10-4, respectively), and serum and urine 1-MeHis concentrations were more increased after salmon intake compared to cod intake (p = 8.7 × 10-5 and 1.2 × 10-4, respectively). Cod and salmon intake did not affect serum and urine concentrations of 3-methylhistidine, and only marginally affected concentrations of free amino acids and amino acid metabolites. CONCLUSION:TMAO measured in serum or urine is a potential biomarker of cod intake, and 1-MeHis measured in serum or urine is a potential biomarker of salmon intake.
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