Mauro Lombardo1,2, Giovanni Aulisa1, Daniele Marcon1, Gianluca Rizzo3, Maria Grazia Tarsisano4, Laura Di Renzo5, Massimo Federici2, Massimiliano Caprio1,6, Antonino De Lorenzo5. 1. Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy. 2. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00173 Rome, Italy. 3. Independent Researcher, via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy. 4. Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy. 5. Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy. 6. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may play a key mediator role in the relationship between the diet, gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in people with kidney failure. The aim of this review is to evaluate which foods have a greater influence on blood or urinary trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels. METHODS: 391 language articles were screened, and 27 were analysed and summarized for this review, using the keywords "TMAO" AND "egg" OR "meat" OR "fish" OR "dairy" OR "vegetables" OR "fruit" OR "food" in December 2020. RESULTS: A strong correlation between TMAO and fish consumption, mainly saltwater fish and shellfish, but not freshwater fish, has been demonstrated. Associations of the consumption of eggs, dairy and meat with TMAO are less clear and may depend on other factors such as microbiota or cooking methods. Plant-based foods do not seem to influence TMAO but have been less investigated. DISCUSSION: Consumption of saltwater fish, dark meat fish and shellfish seems to be associated with an increase in urine or plasma TMAO values. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between increased risk of cardiovascular disease and plasma levels of TMAO due to fish consumption. Interventions coupled with long-term dietary patterns targeting the gut microbiota seem promising.
INTRODUCTION:Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may play a key mediator role in the relationship between the diet, gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in people with kidney failure. The aim of this review is to evaluate which foods have a greater influence on blood or urinary trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels. METHODS: 391 language articles were screened, and 27 were analysed and summarized for this review, using the keywords "TMAO" AND "egg" OR "meat" OR "fish" OR "dairy" OR "vegetables" OR "fruit" OR "food" in December 2020. RESULTS: A strong correlation between TMAO and fish consumption, mainly saltwater fish and shellfish, but not freshwater fish, has been demonstrated. Associations of the consumption of eggs, dairy and meat with TMAO are less clear and may depend on other factors such as microbiota or cooking methods. Plant-based foods do not seem to influence TMAO but have been less investigated. DISCUSSION: Consumption of saltwater fish, dark meat fish and shellfish seems to be associated with an increase in urine or plasma TMAO values. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between increased risk of cardiovascular disease and plasma levels of TMAO due to fish consumption. Interventions coupled with long-term dietary patterns targeting the gut microbiota seem promising.
Authors: Arash Haghikia; Xinmin S Li; Thomas G Liman; Nils Bledau; David Schmidt; Friederike Zimmermann; Nicolle Kränkel; Christian Widera; Kristina Sonnenschein; Aiden Haghikia; Karin Weissenborn; Daniela Fraccarollo; Markus M Heimesaat; Johann Bauersachs; Zeneng Wang; Weifei Zhu; Udo Bavendiek; Stanley L Hazen; Matthias Endres; Ulf Landmesser Journal: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Date: 2018-09 Impact factor: 8.311
Authors: Julian Josef Emonds; Clemens Ringel; Madlen Reinicke; Daniel Müller; Arnold Von Eckardstein; Jürgen Meixensberger; Uta Ceglarek; Alexander Gaudl Journal: Nutrients Date: 2022-08-10 Impact factor: 6.706