Creating Misspecified Models in Moment Structure Analysis.

To understand how SEM methods perform in practice where models always have misfit, simulation studies often involve incorrect models. To create a wrong model, traditionally one specifies a perfect model first and then removes some paths. This approach becomes difficult or even impossible to implement in moment structure analysis and fails to control the amounts of misfit separately and precisely for the mean and covariance parts. Most importantly, this approach assumes a perfect model exists and wrong models can eventually be made perfect, whereas in practice models are all implausible if taken literally and at best provide approximations of the real world. To improve the traditional approach, we propose a more realistic and flexible way to create model misfit for multiple group moment structure analysis. Given (a) the model [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], (b) population model parameters [Formula: see text], and (c) [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] specified by the researcher, our method creates [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to simultaneously satisfy (a) [Formula: see text], (b) the mean structure's misfit equals [Formula: see text], and (c) the covariance structure's misfit equals [Formula: see text].