Hyeong-Moo Shin1, Deborah H Bennett2, Jacqueline Barkoski2, Xiaoyun Ye3, Antonia M Calafat3, Daniel Tancredi4, Irva Hertz-Picciotto5. 1. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA. Electronic address: hyeongmoo.shin@uta.edu. 2. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. 4. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. 5. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Because phthalates are quickly metabolized and excreted in urine, and human exposures tend to be episodic, phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in a maternal spot urine sample are only indicative of recent exposure. OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal variability of pregnant women's phthalate exposure using multiple first morning voids (FMV) and pooled samples. METHODS: We quantified 14 metabolites of eight phthalates in 577 urine samples collected from 188 pregnancies in the MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies - Learning Early Signs) study. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using two samples of the same urine type (i.e., two FMVs or two pools) collected across the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. We also calculated ICCs and FMV/pool concentration ratios using two samples (i.e., two FMVs or one FMV and one pool) collected within the same trimester. RESULTS: Overall, ICCs were higher in pooled samples (0.24-0.87) than in FMVs (0.08-0.69). Regardless of the sample type, ICCs tended to be higher for metabolites for which exposure sources are personal care products or indoor residential materials than those for which diet is an important exposure source. ICCs tended to increase and FMV/pool ratios tended to decrease with an increasing number of composite samples in the pools. CONCLUSIONS: Our study helped determine the number of samples needed to capture moderate to high reproducibility of individual's average exposure to phthalates and the average exposure can be differently characterized depending on the number of samples in the pools.
BACKGROUND: Because phthalates are quickly metabolized and excreted in urine, and human exposures tend to be episodic, phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in a maternal spot urine sample are only indicative of recent exposure. OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal variability of pregnant women's phthalate exposure using multiple first morning voids (FMV) and pooled samples. METHODS: We quantified 14 metabolites of eight phthalates in 577 urine samples collected from 188 pregnancies in the MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies - Learning Early Signs) study. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using two samples of the same urine type (i.e., two FMVs or two pools) collected across the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. We also calculated ICCs and FMV/pool concentration ratios using two samples (i.e., two FMVs or one FMV and one pool) collected within the same trimester. RESULTS: Overall, ICCs were higher in pooled samples (0.24-0.87) than in FMVs (0.08-0.69). Regardless of the sample type, ICCs tended to be higher for metabolites for which exposure sources are personal care products or indoor residential materials than those for which diet is an important exposure source. ICCs tended to increase and FMV/pool ratios tended to decrease with an increasing number of composite samples in the pools. CONCLUSIONS: Our study helped determine the number of samples needed to capture moderate to high reproducibility of individual's average exposure to phthalates and the average exposure can be differently characterized depending on the number of samples in the pools.
Authors: Amy L Heffernan; Lesa L Aylward; Leisa-Maree L Toms; Peter D Sly; Matthew Macleod; Jochen F Mueller Journal: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Date: 2013-11-06 Impact factor: 5.563
Authors: Sally Ozonoff; Gregory S Young; Alice Carter; Daniel Messinger; Nurit Yirmiya; Lonnie Zwaigenbaum; Susan Bryson; Leslie J Carver; John N Constantino; Karen Dobkins; Ted Hutman; Jana M Iverson; Rebecca Landa; Sally J Rogers; Marian Sigman; Wendy L Stone Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2011-08-15 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: David E Cantonwine; José F Cordero; Luis O Rivera-González; Liza V Anzalota Del Toro; Kelly K Ferguson; Bhramar Mukherjee; Antonia M Calafat; Noe Crespo; Braulio Jiménez-Vélez; Ingrid Y Padilla; Akram N Alshawabkeh; John D Meeker Journal: Environ Int Date: 2013-10-24 Impact factor: 9.621
Authors: Robin E Dodson; Marcia Nishioka; Laurel J Standley; Laura J Perovich; Julia Green Brody; Ruthann A Rudel Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2012-03-08 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Megan E Romano; Nicola L Hawley; Melissa Eliot; Antonia M Calafat; Nayana K Jayatilaka; Karl Kelsey; Stephen McGarvey; Maureen G Phipps; David A Savitz; Erika F Werner; Joseph M Braun Journal: Environ Health Date: 2017-04-11 Impact factor: 5.984
Authors: Jennifer J Adibi; Robin M Whyatt; Paige L Williams; Antonia M Calafat; David Camann; Robert Herrick; Heather Nelson; Hari K Bhat; Frederica P Perera; Manori J Silva; Russ Hauser Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2008-04 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Deborah H Bennett; Stefanie A Busgang; Kurunthachalam Kannan; Patrick J Parsons; Mari Takazawa; Christopher D Palmer; Rebecca J Schmidt; John T Doucette; Julie B Schweitzer; Chris Gennings; Irva Hertz-Picciotto Journal: Environ Int Date: 2022-01-24 Impact factor: 13.352
Authors: Genoa R Warner; Raquel S Dettogni; Indrani C Bagchi; Jodi A Flaws; Jones B Graceli Journal: Reprod Toxicol Date: 2021-05-17 Impact factor: 3.421
Authors: Leny Mathew; Nathaniel W Snyder; Kristen Lyall; Brian K Lee; Leslie A McClure; Amy J Elliott; Craig J Newschaffer Journal: Sci Total Environ Date: 2021-07-07 Impact factor: 10.753
Authors: Genoa R Warner; Diana C Pacyga; Rita S Strakovsky; Rebecca Smith; Tamarra James-Todd; Paige L Williams; Russ Hauser; Daryl D Meling; Zhong Li; Jodi A Flaws Journal: Environ Res Date: 2021-03-17 Impact factor: 8.431
Authors: Diana C Pacyga; Joseph C Gardiner; Jodi A Flaws; Zhong Li; Antonia M Calafat; Susan A Korrick; Susan L Schantz; Rita S Strakovsky Journal: Environ Int Date: 2021-06-08 Impact factor: 13.352