Julia R Varshavsky1, Rachel Morello-Frosch2, Tracey J Woodruff3, Ami R Zota4. 1. University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: julia.varshavsky@ucsf.edu. 2. University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA. 3. University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA. 4. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: azota@gwu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anti-androgenic phthalates are reproductive toxicants that may have additive effects on male development. Diet is the primary exposure source for most phthalates, which contaminate the food supply through food contact materials and industrialized production. OBJECTIVE: To compare dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure between "food at home" (e.g. food consumed from a grocery store) and "food away from home" (e.g. food consumed from fast food/restaurants and cafeterias) in the U.S. general population. METHODS: We estimated cumulative phthalates exposure by calculating daily intake from metabolite concentrations in urinary spot samples for 10,253 participants (≥6 years old) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2014) data. We constructed a biologically relevant metric of phthalates daily intake (∑androgen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) by converting phthalates into anti-androgen equivalent terms prior to their summation. Particular foods and the percent of total energy intake (TEI) consumed from multiple dining out sources were ascertained from 24-h recall surveys. Associations with ∑androgen-disruptor levels were estimated for children, adolescents, and adults using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: We observed a consistent positive association between dining out and Σandrogen-disruptor levels across the study population (p-trend <0.0001). Among adolescents, high consumers of foods outside the home had 55% (95% CI: 35%, 78%) higher Σandrogen-disruptor levels compared to those who only consumed food at home. The contribution of specific dining out sources to Σandrogen-disruptor levels varied by age group. For example, cafeteria food was associated with 15% (95% CI: 4.0%, 28%) and 64% (95% CI: 40%, 92%) higher Σandrogen-disruptor levels in children and adults, respectively. Particular foods, especially sandwiches (i.e. cheeseburgers), were associated with increased Σandrogen-disruptor levels only if they were purchased away from home (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Dining out may be an important source of biologically relevant cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S. POPULATION: Future studies should evaluate modifiable production practices that remove phthalates from the food supply in addition to the efficacy of interventions that promote eating fresh foods prepared at home.
BACKGROUND: Anti-androgenic phthalates are reproductive toxicants that may have additive effects on male development. Diet is the primary exposure source for most phthalates, which contaminate the food supply through food contact materials and industrialized production. OBJECTIVE: To compare dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure between "food at home" (e.g. food consumed from a grocery store) and "food away from home" (e.g. food consumed from fast food/restaurants and cafeterias) in the U.S. general population. METHODS: We estimated cumulative phthalates exposure by calculating daily intake from metabolite concentrations in urinary spot samples for 10,253 participants (≥6 years old) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2014) data. We constructed a biologically relevant metric of phthalates daily intake (∑androgen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) by converting phthalates into anti-androgen equivalent terms prior to their summation. Particular foods and the percent of total energy intake (TEI) consumed from multiple dining out sources were ascertained from 24-h recall surveys. Associations with ∑androgen-disruptor levels were estimated for children, adolescents, and adults using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: We observed a consistent positive association between dining out and Σandrogen-disruptor levels across the study population (p-trend <0.0001). Among adolescents, high consumers of foods outside the home had 55% (95% CI: 35%, 78%) higher Σandrogen-disruptor levels compared to those who only consumed food at home. The contribution of specific dining out sources to Σandrogen-disruptor levels varied by age group. For example, cafeteria food was associated with 15% (95% CI: 4.0%, 28%) and 64% (95% CI: 40%, 92%) higher Σandrogen-disruptor levels in children and adults, respectively. Particular foods, especially sandwiches (i.e. cheeseburgers), were associated with increased Σandrogen-disruptor levels only if they were purchased away from home (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Dining out may be an important source of biologically relevant cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S. POPULATION: Future studies should evaluate modifiable production practices that remove phthalates from the food supply in addition to the efficacy of interventions that promote eating fresh foods prepared at home.
Authors: Kerstin Becker; Margarete Seiwert; Jürgen Angerer; Wolfgang Heger; Holger M Koch; Regine Nagorka; Elke Rosskamp; Christoph Schlüter; Bernd Seifert; Detlef Ullrich Journal: Int J Hyg Environ Health Date: 2004-10 Impact factor: 5.840
Authors: Kevin Marsee; Tracey J Woodruff; Daniel A Axelrad; Antonia M Calafat; Shanna H Swan Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2006-06 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Tracey J Woodruff; Lauren Zeise; Daniel A Axelrad; Kathryn Z Guyton; Sarah Janssen; Mark Miller; Gregory G Miller; Jackie M Schwartz; George Alexeeff; Henry Anderson; Linda Birnbaum; Frederic Bois; Vincent James Cogliano; Kevin Crofton; Susan Y Euling; Paul M D Foster; Dori R Germolec; Earl Gray; Dale B Hattis; Amy D Kyle; Robert W Luebke; Michael I Luster; Chris Portier; Deborah C Rice; Gina Solomon; John Vandenberg; R Thomas Zoeller Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2008-07-10 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Susanna D Mitro; Robin E Dodson; Veena Singla; Gary Adamkiewicz; Angelo F Elmi; Monica K Tilly; Ami R Zota Journal: Environ Sci Technol Date: 2016-09-14 Impact factor: 9.028
Authors: Hyeong-Moo Shin; Deborah H Bennett; Jacqueline Barkoski; Xiaoyun Ye; Antonia M Calafat; Daniel Tancredi; Irva Hertz-Picciotto Journal: Environ Int Date: 2018-11-23 Impact factor: 9.621
Authors: Isabel Muñoz; Justin A Colacino; Ryan C Lewis; Anna E Arthur; John D Meeker; Kelly K Ferguson Journal: Environ Int Date: 2018-09-15 Impact factor: 9.621
Authors: Jenny L Carwile; Shravanthi M Seshasayee; Katherine A Ahrens; Russ Hauser; Jorge E Chavarro; Abby F Fleisch Journal: Environ Res Date: 2021-09-25 Impact factor: 6.498
Authors: Lariah Edwards; Nathan L McCray; Brianna N VanNoy; Alice Yau; Ruth J Geller; Gary Adamkiewicz; Ami R Zota Journal: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Date: 2021-10-27 Impact factor: 6.371
Authors: Anna R Smith; Katherine R Kogut; Kimberly Parra; Asa Bradman; Nina Holland; Kim G Harley Journal: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Date: 2021-02-22 Impact factor: 5.563