Estimating the Cognitive Diagnosis [Formula: see text] Matrix with Expert Knowledge: Application to the Fraction-Subtraction Dataset.

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) are an important psychometric framework for classifying students in terms of attribute and/or skill mastery. The [Formula: see text] matrix, which specifies the required attributes for each item, is central to implementing CDMs. The general unavailability of [Formula: see text] for most content areas and datasets poses a barrier to widespread applications of CDMs, and recent research accordingly developed fully exploratory methods to estimate Q. However, current methods do not always offer clear interpretations of the uncovered skills and existing exploratory methods do not use expert knowledge to estimate Q. We consider Bayesian estimation of [Formula: see text] using a prior based upon expert knowledge using a fully Bayesian formulation for a general diagnostic model. The developed method can be used to validate which of the underlying attributes are predicted by experts and to identify residual attributes that remain unexplained by expert knowledge. We report Monte Carlo evidence about the accuracy of selecting active expert-predictors and present an application using Tatsuoka's fraction-subtraction dataset.