Genetically Encoding Quinoline Reverses Chromophore Charge and Enables Fluorescent Protein Brightening in Acidic Vesicles.

Acidic vesicles and organelles play fundamental roles in a broad range of cellular events such as endocytosis, lysosomal degradation, synaptic transmission, pathogen fate, and drug delivery. Fluorescent reporters will be invaluable for studying these complex and multifunctional systems with spatiotemporal resolution, yet common fluorescent proteins are generally nonfluorescent at acidic conditions due to the decrease of anionic chromophores upon protonation, but are fluorescent at physiological pH, creating interfering fluorescence from nonvesicle regions. Here we developed a novel acid-brightening fluorescent protein (abFP) that fluoresces strongly at acidic pH but is nonfluorescent at or above neutral pH, boasting a pH profile opposite to that of common fluorescent proteins. Through expansion of the genetic code, we incorporated a quinoline-containing amino acid Qui into the chromophore of EGFP to reverse the chromophore charge. Protonation of Qui rendered a cationic chromophore, which resulted in unique fluorescence increase only at acidic pH in vitro, in E. coli cells, and on the mammalian cell surface. We further demonstrated that abFP-tagged δ opioid receptors were fluorescently imaged in lysosome showing distinct features and without background fluorescence from other cellular regions, whereas EGFP-tagged receptors were invisible in lysosome. This Qui-rendered cationic chromophore strategy may be generally applied to other fluorescent proteins to generate a palette of colors for acidic imaging with minimal background, and these abFPs should facilitate the study of molecules in association with various acidic vesicles and organelles in different cells and model organisms.