Cone Beam Computed Tomography Image Quality Improvement Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network.

Introduction Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) plays an important role in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), while having disadvantages of severe shading artifact caused by the reconstruction using scatter contaminated and truncated projections. The purpose of this study is to develop a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) method for improving CBCT image quality. Methods CBCT and planning computed tomography (pCT) image pairs from 20 prostate cancer patients were selected. Subsequently, each pCT volume was pre-aligned to the corresponding CBCT volume by image registration, thereby leading to registered pCT data (pCTr). Next, a 39-layer DCNN model was trained to learn a direct mapping from the CBCT to the corresponding pCTr images. The trained model was applied to a new CBCT data set to obtain improved CBCT (i-CBCT) images. The resulting i-CBCT images were compared to pCTr using the spatial non-uniformity (SNU), the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity index measure (SSIM). Results The image quality of the i-CBCT has shown a substantial improvement on spatial uniformity compared to that of the original CBCT, and a significant improvement on the PSNR and the SSIM compared to that of the original CBCT and the enhanced CBCT by the existing pCT-based correction method. Conclusion We have developed a DCNN method for improving CBCT image quality. The proposed method may be directly applicable to CBCT images acquired by any commercial CBCT scanner.