Assessment of capacitor electrodes for intracortical neural stimulation.

Capacitor electrodes offer the potential for the safest method of stimulation of neural tissue because they operate without any faradaic process occurring at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Their use eliminates problems associated with metal dissolution or water electrolysis which may occur with electrodes of noble metals. This paper reviews recent work aimed at increasing the charge storage density of capacitor electrodes to allow their application with the small areas of 10(-4) mm2 required for intracortical stimulation of single neurons. Increased charge storage with electrodes using anodic films such as TiO2 and Ta2O5 has been obtained by increasing the real surface area of microelectrodes. Experiments have also been done with BaTiO3 films which have a much higher dielectric constant than the anodic film dielectrics. State-of-the-art electrodes made with these materials, however, have a charge storage density which at best is comparable to that obtained with Pt and is considerably lower than electrochemically safe charge densities that have been reported for activated Ir. It is concluded that for very small intracortical electrodes, capacitor electrodes will not be competitive with electrodes which operate using surface localized faradaic reactions.