Stacy N Davis1, Swapamthi Govindaraju, Brittany Jackson, Kimberly R Williams, Shannon M Christy, Susan T Vadaparampil, Gwendolyn P Quinn, David Shibata, Richard Roetzheim, Cathy D Meade, Clement K Gwede. 1. Stacy N. Davis, PhD, MPH, is Instructor, School of Public Health, the Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick. At the time this research was completed, she was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Swapamthi Govindaraju, BA, was Research Assistant, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, when the research was conducted. Brittany Jackson, MPH, was Research Assistant, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, when the research was conducted. Kimberly R. Williams, MPH, MS, is Research Assistant, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Shannon M. Christy, PhD, is Assistant Professor, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis. At the time this research was completed, she was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Susan T. Vadaparampil, PhD, is Senior Member, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, and Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida. Gwendolyn P. Quinn, PhD, is Livia Wan Endowed Chair, New York University Medical Center, New York. At the time this research was completed, she was a Senior Member at Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, and Professor University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida. David Shibata, MD, is Professor, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis. At the time this research was underway, he was a Senior Member at Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Richard Roetzheim, MD, is Senior Member, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, and Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida. Cathy D. Meade, PhD, RN, FAAN, is Senior Member, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, and Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida. Clement K. Gwede, PhD, MPH, RN, FAAN, is Senior Member, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, and Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recruiting ethnically diverse Black participants to an innovative, community-based research study to reduce colorectal cancer screening disparities requires multipronged recruitment techniques. OBJECTIVES: This article describes active, passive, and snowball recruitment techniques, and challenges and lessons learned in recruiting a diverse sample of Black participants. METHODS: For each of the three recruitment techniques, data were collected on strategies, enrollment efficiency (participants enrolled/participants evaluated), and reasons for ineligibility. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty individuals were evaluated, and 330 individuals were enrolled. Active recruitment yielded the highest number of enrolled participants, followed by passive and snowball. Snowball recruitment was the most efficient technique, with enrollment efficiency of 72.4%, followed by passive (58.1%) and active (55.7%) techniques. There were significant differences in gender, education, country of origin, health insurance, and having a regular physician by recruitment technique (p < .05). DISCUSSION: Multipronged recruitment techniques should be employed to increase reach, diversity, and study participation rates among Blacks. Although each recruitment technique had a variable enrollment efficiency, the use of multipronged recruitment techniques can lead to successful enrollment of diverse Blacks into cancer prevention and control interventions.
BACKGROUND: Recruiting ethnically diverse Black participants to an innovative, community-based research study to reduce colorectal cancer screening disparities requires multipronged recruitment techniques. OBJECTIVES: This article describes active, passive, and snowball recruitment techniques, and challenges and lessons learned in recruiting a diverse sample of Black participants. METHODS: For each of the three recruitment techniques, data were collected on strategies, enrollment efficiency (participants enrolled/participants evaluated), and reasons for ineligibility. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty individuals were evaluated, and 330 individuals were enrolled. Active recruitment yielded the highest number of enrolled participants, followed by passive and snowball. Snowball recruitment was the most efficient technique, with enrollment efficiency of 72.4%, followed by passive (58.1%) and active (55.7%) techniques. There were significant differences in gender, education, country of origin, health insurance, and having a regular physician by recruitment technique (p < .05). DISCUSSION: Multipronged recruitment techniques should be employed to increase reach, diversity, and study participation rates among Blacks. Although each recruitment technique had a variable enrollment efficiency, the use of multipronged recruitment techniques can lead to successful enrollment of diverse Blacks into cancer prevention and control interventions.
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