MoYvh1 subverts rice defense through functions of ribosomal protein MoMrt4 in Magnaporthe oryzae.

The accumulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rice is important in its interaction with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae during which the pathogen scavenges ROS through the production of extracellular enzymes that promote blast. We previously characterized the MoYvh1 protein phosphatase from M. oryzae that plays a role in scavenging of ROS. To understand the underlying mechanism, we found that MoYvh1 is translocated into the nucleus following oxidative stress and that this translocation is dependent on MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 that are homologous to heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) proteins. In addition, we established a link between MoYvh1 and MoMrt4, a ribosome maturation factor homolog whose function also involves shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Moreover, we found that MoYvh1 regulates the production of extracellular proteins that modulate rice-immunity. Taking together, our evidence suggests that functions of MoYvh1 in regulating ROS scavenging require its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the partner proteins MoSsb1 and MoSsz1, as well as MoMrt4. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanism by which M. oryzae responds to and subverts host immunity through the regulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein biosynthesis.

Introduction

Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast and also an established model organism to study plant-pathogen interactions [1,2]. In a previous study, we have characterized MoYvh1 as a homolog of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein phosphatase Yvh1 that regulates growth, sporulation, and glycogen accumulation [3]. We found that MoYvh1 not only plays a similar important role in vegetative growth and conidia formation but also regulates virulence [4]. In addition, we found that deletion of MoYVH1 results in an increased accumulation of the host-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) [4]. ROS levels are known to govern the pathogen and host interaction, how MoYvh1 regulated growth and virulence is linked to its role in affecting ROS levels remains an interesting but unresolved research subject.

S. cerevisiae Yvh1 is known to also have a role in ribosome maturation and function [5]. In eukaryotic cells, mature ribosomes are composed of five different proteins that include Rpp0 and two copies of each of proteins P1 and P2 [6-8]. Rpp0 interacts directly with the 60S ribosome subunit to form the base of the stalk for binding to P1 and P2 proteins [9,10]. Also in S. cerevisiae, the ribosome assembly factor and the nucleolar protein Mrt4 are closely related to Rpp0, based on the conserved N-terminal ribosome binding domain they shared with [11,12].

Eukaryotic cells respond to environmental stresses, including elevated temperatures, via a family of well-characterized heat-shock proteins (Hsp) [13]. As ubiquitous molecular chaperones that function in a wide variety of cellular processes, Hsp70s act by reversibly binding and releasing the short hydrophobic stretches of amino acids in a nucleotide-dependent fashion [14,15]. Hsp70 heat shock proteins are known to affect ribosomal function and protein biosynthesis [16]. For example, the ribosomal L31 protein binds to chaperone Zuo1 that in turn anchors Hsp70 Ssz1 and Hsc70 proteins to regulate polypeptide translocation [17-21].

Given the multifaceted role of MoYvh1 previously established [4], further addressing of MoYvh1 functional mechanisms would promote our understanding of the rice blast mechanisms. We here showed that MoYvh1 is translocated to the nucleus under the oxidative stress condition and that MoYvh1 functions through interactions with Hsp70 protein homologs MoSsb1 and MoSsz1. In addition, we showed that MoYvh1 is required for proper translocation of the ribosomal maturation factor homolog MoMrt4, since the loss of MoYvh1 caused MoMrt4 mislocalization to the cytoplasm resulting in virulence defects.

Results

MoYvh1 translocates to the nucleus in response to oxidative stress

We have identified MoYvh1 as a homolog sharing amino acid sequence conservation with S. cerevisiae Yvh1 that in turn shares homology with the dual-specificity phosphatase from vaccinia virus [22]. We found that MoYvh1 has a multiple role in the growth and virulence of M. oryzae and that deletion of MoYVH1 results in an accumulation of ROS surrounding the infection sites [4]. To address whether MoYvh1 exhibits a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling ability, similar to S. cerevisiae Yvh1, we constructed the strains expressing MoYvh1-GFP, in which the expression of the C-terminal GFP fusion protein is under the control of the native MoYVH1 promoter. Notably, MoYvh1 was present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in conidia, which is the expected default steady-state distribution pattern. Treated with 5 mM H2O2 for 2 hours (h), an enhanced nuclear localization was observed in conidia (68.42 ± 7.31%) (Fig 1A). In the aerial hyphae, however, no changes were seen under the same stress condition (Fig 1B). Plants generate a vast array of oxidative agent in response to pathogen invasion including superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical. To further understand the changes observed in the localization pattern of MoYvh1 was specific to H2O2 or general to other oxidative stress, KO2 and hydroxyl radical were used to treat the ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1-GFP strain. The results showed that both KO2 and hydroxyl radical induced an accumulation of MoYvh1 in the nucleus in conidia but not the aerial hyphae (S1 Fig). These data suggested that oxidative stress could promote cytoplasmic MoYvh1 nuclear localization in conidia.

Fig 1

MoYvh1 translocates into the nucleus in response to the oxidative stress.

(A) Fluorescence observation of conidia untreated (upper panels) and treated with 5 mM H2O2 for 2 h (lower panels). 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was added to the cultures 5 min prior to the observation of the nuclei. The merged images of GFP and DAPI staining showed that MoYvh1-GFP is localized in the nucleus when treated with H2O2. Bar = 5 μm. (B) Fluorescence observation of mycelia contain MoYvh1-GFP and H1-RFP were untreated (left panels) and treated with 5 mM H2O2 for 2 h (right panels). “green line” represents MoYvh1-GFP, “red line” represents H1-RFP. Insets highlight areas analyzed by line-scan. Bar = 5 μm.

Nuclear translocation of MoYvh1 under oxidative stress requires functions of MoSsb1 and MoSsz1

To understand MoYvh1 functions associated with its nuclear translocation, we identified MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 that are heat-shock 70 (Hsp70) protein homologs following screening a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library constructed with RNA pooled from various stages including conidia and infections (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h) (Fig 2A). We then validated these interactions by co-introducing the MoYVH1-FLAG and MoHSP70s-GFP fusion constructs into the protoplasts of the wild type strain Guy11. Total proteins were extracted from conidia of the putative transformants, and MoYvh1, MoSsa1, MoSsb1, and MoSsz1 were detected using the anti-FLAG and anti-GFP antibodies. In proteins eluted from MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 anti-GFP beads, MoYvh1 was detected (Fig 2B). The interactions were further confirmed by the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. The MoYVH1-CYFP and MoSSB1-NYFP, MoSSZ1-NYFP fusion constructs were introduced into the protoplasts of Guy11, with the empty vectors used as negative controls. The recombined YFP fluorescence signal was detected in the cytoplasm containing corresponding protein pairs (Fig 2C and S2 Fig). Interestingly, the interactions were also observed under the oxidative stress, with YFP fluorescence being transferred to the nucleus following treatment with 5 mM H2O2 (Fig 2C). Previously, we demonstrated that the MoYvh1 C-terminal zinc-binding domain is required for growth and virulence of the fungus. Our evidence here showed that the same C-terminal is also responsible for binding with MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 (S3 Fig).

Fig 2

MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 are required for the translocation of MoYvh1 to the nucleus under oxidative stress.

(A) Yeast two-hybrid analysis of interactions between MoYvh1 and MoSsa1, MoSsb1, and MoSsz1. MoYvh1 cDNA was inserted into the vector pGADT7, whilst MoSsa1, MoSsb1, and MoSsz1 cDNA was inserted into pGBKT7. “P” represents positive controls and “N” represents negative controls. Yeast cells grown on synthetic dextrose (SD) medium lacking leucine (Leu), tryptophan (Trp) and Histidine (His) were investigated against positive and negative controls as indicated. Plates were incubated at 30°C for 3 days before being photographed. (B) Co-IP assay. Western blot analysis of total proteins (T) extracted from conidia of various transformants, suspension proteins (S) and elution proteins (E) eluted from anti-GFP beads. The presence of MoYvh1, MoSsa1, MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 was detected with the anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies, respectively. (C) Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays for interactions between MoYvh1 and Hsp70 homologs. Conidia of transformants expressing MoYvh1-NYFP and Hsp70s-CYFP constructs (left panels) were treated (right panels) with 5 mM H2O2 for 2 h before interference contrast (DIC) and epifluorescence microscopy. YFP, yellow fluorescent protein. Bar = 5 μm. (D) Localization of MoYvh1-GFP was visualized in conidia of the ΔMossb1, ΔMossz1 and ΔMoyvh1 mutants. “+” represents the samples treated with 5 mM H2O2 for 2 h. Bar = 5 μm.

An interaction between MoYvh1 and MoSsa1 could not be established, suggesting that MoYvh1 interactions with MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 are specific (Fig 2A, 2B and 2C). We also generated MoSSB1 and MoSSZ1 deletion mutants and assessed their effects on MoYvh1 distribution. The MoYVH1-GFP fusion construct was introduced into ΔMossb1, ΔMossz1, and ΔMoyvh1 mutants. In the resulting transformants, GFP signal was observed in both the cytosol and the nucleus. However, the GFP signal was predominantly observed in the cytoplasm of ΔMossb1 and ΔMossz1 upon oxidative stress, in contrast to complemented strains (72.16 ± 5.77%) where GFP was predominantly seen in the nuclei (Fig 2D). To further evaluate the nuclear translocation of MoYvh1 in these strains, we separated nuclear proteins from cytoplasmic ones and performed Western blotting analysis. MoYvh1-GFP was significantly enriched in the nucleus in the complement strain when treated with 5 mM H2O2. However, MoYvh1-GFP was uniformly distributed in the conidia of the ΔMossb1 and ΔMossz1 mutants (S4 Fig). These results suggested that MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 could facilitate nuclear translocation of MoYvh1 under oxidative stress through direct interactions.

MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E suppress the defects of ΔMoyvh1 mutants in growth and virulence

To further understand MoYvh1 nuclear translocation upon stress and associated functions, we searched for additional proteins that interact with MoYvh1 and identified MoMrt4 (MGG_08908) that shares sequence homolog with S. cerevisiae nucleolar protein Mrt4. The yeast Mrt4 contains a Gly residue at position 68 whose substitution with Asp or Glu could suppress the growth defect of the Δyvh1 strain [5,23,24]. To investigate whether MoYvh1 shares functional conservation with S. cerevisiae Mrt4, we constructed strains expressing MoMRT4-GFP and MoMRT4-GFP, respectively. We found that MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E, but not MoMrt4, were able to rescue the defect on growth and virulence of the ΔMoyvh1 strain (Fig 3A, 3B and 3C and S5A Fig). Because MoYvh1 functions upstream of MoPdeH to regulate the cAMP levels and pathogenicity [4], we also found that MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E suppress the defects in cAMP levels of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant (S5B Fig).

Fig 3

MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E bypass the requirement of MoYvh1.

(A) Comparison of the ΔMoyvh1 and point mutation strains in colony morphology. Guy11, the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, MoMRT4 and mutated alleles complementation strains were cultured at 28°C in darkness for 7 days before being photographed. (B) Spraying assay. Conidial suspensions of each strain were sprayed on rice seedlings. Diseased leaves were photographed 7 days after inoculation. (C) Quantification of lesion type. Quantification of lesion type (0, no lesion; 1, pinhead-sized brown specks; 2, 1.5-mm brown spots; 3, 2–3-mm grey spots with brown margins; 4, many elliptical grey spots longer than 3 mm; 5, coalesced lesions) were measured at 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), counted within an area of 4 cm2 and experiments were repeated three times with similar results. Asterisk indicates significant differences at p = 0.01. (D) DAB staining of the excised leaf sheath of rice infected by Guy11, the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, the point mutation strains and complementation strain 36 h after inoculation. Bar = 5 μm.

As MoYvh1 plays a role in scavenging host-derived ROS, we examined ROS levels by staining host cells with 3, 3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB) at 36 h after inoculation. The primary infected rice cells with infectious hyphae of the ΔMoyvh1 and ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4 strains were stained intensely by DAB, with reddish-brown precipitate around the infected cells, while the ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4 and ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4 strains exhibited weak staining, a phenotype similar to Guy11 (Fig 3D).

MoYvh1 competes with MoMrt4 onto the ribosome for its function

MoMrt4 is normally accumulated in the nucleus of the wild-type strain (Fig 4A). To study how MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E suppress the defects of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, we assessed the effect of MoYvh1 on the subcellular localization of MoMrt4. As expected, MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E were predominantly nuclear localized, while MoMrt4 was mostly cytoplasmic, in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant (Fig 4A). As MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E mutation showed similar roles in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, we used the ΔMoyvh1/MoMrt4 strain to determine whether its affinity for the ribosome was compromised. We found that binding of MoMrt4G69E to the ribosome was more sensitive to 100 and 500 mM NaCl than MoMrt4 that was largely unaffected. 500 mM NaCl caused the majority of MoMrt4G69E to be dissociated from the ribosome (Fig 4B). Therefore, MoMrt4G69E showed weaker affinity for ribosomes than MoMrt4, implying easier separation from the ribosome. We further speculated that the affinity for ribosomes between MoYvh1 and MoMrt4 is important for the normal function of M. oryzae. To test this hypothesis, we assessed whether MoMrt4 competes with MoYvh1 in ribosome binding. Western blotting analysis showed that MoYvh1 bound to the ribosome in both the wild-type and the ΔMomrt4 mutant. However, the MoMrt4 recruitment to ribosomes in the presence of MoYvh1 was significantly reduced in the wild-type strain (Fig 4C), suggesting that MoYvh1 and MoMrt4 indeed compete for binding to the ribosome.

Fig 4

Dissociation of MoMrt4 from the pre-ribosome in the nucleolus facilitated by MoYvh1 is required for the ribosome maturity.

(A) The localization of Mrt4-GFP, MoMrt4G69D-GFP and MoMrt4G69E-GFP was observed in conidia of the ΔMomrt4 and ΔMoyvh1 mutants. DAPI was used to stain nuclei. The merged image of GFP and DAPI staining showed that ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4–GFP, ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4-GFP and ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4-GFP strains were localized in the nucleus. Bar = 5 μm. (B) Ribosomal proteins were prepared from ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4–GFP and ΔMoyvh1/MoMRT4-GFP strains grown at as indicated salt concentrations. Free and ribosome-bound proteins were separated by sedimentation through sucrose cushions. Equal amounts of supernatant (S) and pellet (P) were separated by SDS-PAGE, and the presence of MoMrt4 and Rpl3 (a ribosome marker) was detected by Western blotting analysis using anti-GFP or anti-RPL3 antibodies. (C) Ribosome proteins were extracted from the strains as indicated. Free and ribosome-bound proteins were separated by sedimentation through sucrose cushions. Both the anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies were added to detect the presence of MoMrt4 and MoYvh1 in supernatants (S) and pellets (P) following SDS-PAGE. RPL3 was used as a marker for ribosome. (D) Ribosome proteins of the indicated strains were extracted. Equal amounts of supernatant (S) and pellet (P) were separated by SDS-PAGE, and MoRpp0 and MoYvh1 were detected by Western blotting using anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies.

The Rpp0 protein is one of the five conserved components of mature ribosomes [7,10]. We have cloned the MoRpp0 homolog and generated the ΔMoyvh1/MoRpp0-FLAG-MoYvh1-GFP, ΔMomrt4/MoRpp0-FLAG-MoYvh1-GFP, and Guy11/MoRpp0-FLAG-MoYvh1-GFP strains to investigate whether deletion of MoYvh1 or MoMrt4 causes any defects in ribosome maturity. Ribosome proteins were extracted. In the ΔMomrt4 mutant, MoRpp0 was bound to the ribosome similar to that in the wild-type strain. However, MoRpp0 remained in the suspension in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant (Fig 4D), suggesting that MoYvh1 has a role in ribosome maturity.

MoMrt4 is important for growth, development, and virulence

Since MoMrt4 is important for MoYvh1 function, we characterized its function in growth and pathogenesis. The ΔMomrt4 mutant displayed significantly attenuated growth on CM, minimal medium (MM), straw decoction and corn agar (SDC), and oatmeal medium (OM) plates (Fig 5A and S5C Fig). Conidia formation was drastically reduced in the ΔMomrt4 mutants by ~70% when compared with the wild-type strain (Fig 5D and 5E). To determine whether MoMrt4 plays a role in pathogenicity, susceptible CO-39 rice seedlings were respectively sprayed with the conidia of the wild-type, ΔMomrt4 mutant, and complemented strains. The production of fewer, small lesions by the ΔMomrt4 mutant at 7-day post-inoculation (dpi) (Fig 5B and 5C) indicated that MoMrt4 is required for full virulence.

Fig 5

MoMrt4 is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, and full virulence.

(A) Comparison of the wild type, the ΔMomrt4 and the complement strains in vegetative growth on various medium. (B) The pathogenicity assay on rice leaves. Conidial suspensions of strains were sprayed onto two-week old rice seedlings (CO-39). Diseased leaves were photographed after 7 days of inoculation. (C) Quantification of lesion type. Lesions were photographed and measured at 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), counted within an area of 4 cm2 and experiments were repeated three times with similar results. Asterisk indicates significant differences at p = 0.01. (D) Conidia development of the wild type, ΔMomrt4 and the complement strains on SDC medium for 7 days were examined by light microscopy. (E) Statistical analysis of conidia production. Conidia produced by the wild-type, the mutant and complemented strains on SDC medium for 10 days were collected, counted and analyzed. ±SD is calculated from three repeated experiments and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (Duncan’s new multiple range test, p < 0.01). (F) Ribosome proteins of indicated strains were extracted. Equal amounts of supernatant (S) and pellet (P) were separated by SDS-PAGE, and MoRpp0 and MoMrt4 were detected by Western blotting analysis using the anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies, respectively.

Our previous study showed that deletion of MoYVH1 results in an increase in the accumulation of ROS but reduced virulence [4]. To test that the reduced virulence was due to a lack of ROS scavenging, we examined host-derived ROS levels by DAB staining. At 30 h after inoculation, no staining was observed in the primary rice cells infected by the ΔMomrt4 mutant (S6 Fig). We also evaluated binding of MoMrt4 to ribosomes in these strains and found that MoRpp0 remained in the suspension of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant. However, MoRpp0 bound to the ribosome in the ΔMomrt4 mutant which was similar to that in Guy11, indicating that deletion of MoMRT4 was not involved in the ribosome maturity, in contrast to MoYvh1 (Fig 5F). These results revealed that MoMrt4 is required for vegetative growth, conidiation, and full virulence, but these functions are independent of ribosome maturity.

MoYvh1 is nuclear translocated in response to ROS

As the nuclear localization of MoYvh1 is enhanced in conidia upon oxidative stress, we hypothesized that MoYvh1 is also translocated to the nucleus during host-imposed stress during infection. To test this, we screened rice cultivars resistant to Guy11 and the ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1 strains. We found that the wild type strains caused only the restricted lesions on the rice cultivar K23 that contains the resistant gene Pi12 [25] (Fig 6A). As the ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1 strains showed restricted lesions on the K23, DAB was further used to evaluated the host-derived ROS accumulated around the infection sites in K23. Cells with ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1-GFP infectious hyphae on rice cultivar K23 were stained by DAB, with the reddish-brown precipitate around the infected cells, indicating that the ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1-GFP strain fails to scavenge H2O2 on K23 (Fig 6B). To assess nuclear translocations of MoYvh1, we extracted nuclear proteins and performed Western blotting analysis. In K23, MoYvh1-GFP was significantly enriched in the nucleus in comparison with LTH (Fig 6C). As it is difficult to stain the nucleus by DAPI during infection, we used the histone H1 fused to red fluorescent protein (RFP) to mark the nucleus of infectious hyphae. We found an enrichment of MoYvh1 in the nucleus when co-localization with H1-RFP in the infection hyphae of K23, in comparison with LTH cultivar (Fig 6D). However, MoYvh1 was not translocated into the nucleus in the ΔMossb1 and ΔMossz1 mutants (S7 Fig). These results indicated that MoYvh1 is indeed nuclear enhanced during infection.

Fig 6

Host derived ROS induces MoYvh1 nuclear accumulation during infection.

(A) Whole-plant assays with cultivars LTH and K23 inoculated with the ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1 strain. The strain formed rare, small lesions on K23 which were different from the lesions on LTH. Plants were photographed at 7 d after inoculation. (B) DAB staining of the excised leaf sheath of cultivars LTH and K23 infected by the ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1 strain 30 h after inoculation. Bar = 5 μm. (C) Rice leaves were incubated with ΔMoyvh1/MoYVH1-GFP-H1-RFP strain for 30 h. Equal weight of rice leaves (LTH and K23) were divided into three parts for extraction of total, nuclear and cytoplasm proteins. Equal amounts of total, nuclear and cytoplasm proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and the presence of MoYvh1 was detected by Western blotting using the anti-GFP antibody. The intensity of Western blotting bands was quantified with the ODYSSEY infrared imaging system (application software Version 2.1). The intensity of MoYvh1 was compared between the cv. LTH and cv. K23 among total proteins, nuclear proteins, and cytoplasmic proteins. H1 (a nucleus marker) and actin (a cytoplasm marker) were detected by Western blotting analysis using the anti-RFP or anti-Actin antibodies. Bars denote standard errors from three independent experiments. Asterisk indicates significant differences (Duncan’s new multiple range test p < 0.01) (D) Localization of MoYvh1 during infection. Infection hyphae contain MoYvh1 and H1-RFP were observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy in the sheath of cultivars of LTH and K23 at 30 hpi. “green line” represents MoYvh1-GFP, “red line” represents H1-RFP. Insets highlight areas analyzed by line-scan. Bars = 5μm.

MoYvh1 plays a role in the biosynthesis of extracellular proteins that suppress host defense responses

At the early stages of infection, M. oryzae secretes numerous effector proteins to suppress plant defense responses and modulate host cellular processes that promote infections [26]. Since MoYvh1 has a role in ribosome maturity (Fig 5D) and the ribosome is important for the synthesis of proteins, we tested whether the production of extracellular proteins was compromised in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant. The extracellular fluid (EF) was prepared as described by Patkar and colleagues [27]. Conidia from Guy11 and the ΔMoyvh1 strains were inoculated on a hydrophobic glass sheet and EF was harvested following 24 h incubation. We first detected the localization of MoYvh1 under this condition and the results showed that MoYvh1 was present in both nucleus and cytoplasm, indicating MoYvh1 functions in the nucleus during the appressorium formation (S8 Fig). EF extracts from wild type were subsequently added to the rice leaf sheaths following infection by the ΔMoyvh1 mutant. We found that native EF, but not that denatured by boiling, rescued the defects in host cell invasion and ROS scavenging at the infected sites (Fig 7A and 7B). Our previous study showed that deletion of MoYVH1 resulted in reduced peroxidase and laccase activities [4], so we further assayed the peroxidase and laccase activities in both EF harvested from the wild type and ΔMoyvh1 mutant strains. The enzyme activity assay was performed as described by Chi and associates [28] by using the EF from both Guy11 and ΔMoyvh1 mutant. We observed very low levels of laccase and peroxidase activities in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant when compared with Guy11 (Fig 7C). We further performed the spray and drop assays on rice leaves. Conidia of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant were collected with 5 ml of the EF or boiled EF of Guy11. The conidial suspensions of each treatment were sprayed onto rice leaves. After inoculation for 7 days, the results showed that the EF of Guy11 could suppress the defects of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant in pathogenicity (Fig 7D and 7E). The conidial suspensions of each treatment were also drop inoculated onto detached rice leaves and the results revealed that the EF of the wild type strain partially rescues the defect in pathogenicity on the detached rice leaves (S9 Fig). These results indicated that the EF of Guy11 contains candidate proteins that are important for infection.

Fig 7

MoYvh1 nuclear localization promotes extracellular proteins to evade host innate immunity.

(A) Extracellular fluids from Guy11 appressoria suppress the defects in scavenging host-derived ROS of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, whereas boiled EF did not exhibit a similar defense response. “EF” represents the extracellular fluid. “BEF” represents the boiled extracellular fluid. Data represents observations from three independent experiments. Bar = 5 μm. (B) The infected cell stained by DAB. Three independent biological experiments were performed, with three replicates each time and yielded similar results in each independent biological experiment. Error bars represent standard deviation, and asterisks represent significant difference between the different strains (p < 0.01). (C) Laccase activity measured by ABTS oxidizing test without H2O2 and peroxidase activity measured by ABTS oxidizing test with H2O2. Bars denote standard errors from three independent experiments. Asterisk indicates significant differences (Duncan’s new multiple range test p < 0.01) (D) The conidial suspensions of each treatment were sprayed on the rice leaves. “EF” represents the extracellular fluid. “BEF” represents the boiled extracellular fluid. (E) Quantification of lesion type. Lesions were photographed and measured at 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), counted within an area of 4 cm2 and experiments were repeated three times with similar results. Asterisk indicates significant differences at p = 0.01. (F) 1D gel analysis of Guy11 and the ΔMoyvh1 mutant extracellular fluid proteins: Equal numbers of Guy11 and ΔMoyvh1 conidia were harvested and equalized by using the actin antibody. The same number of conidia was used to extract the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid was concentrated to 100 μl. A 50 μl aliquot of each sample was then fractionated by 1D SDS-PAGE and proteins were stained by Coomassie brilliant blue. (G) GO functional analysis of extracellular fluid proteins.

To identify candidate proteins in EF regulated by MoYvh1, we compared the EF production through SDS-PAGE analysis and found that the amount of EF proteins in ΔMoyvh1 EF was significantly less than that of wild type Guy11 (Fig 7F). In addition, mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed the presence of over 70 proteins with signal peptides in EF of the wild type strain but not of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant. To address whether the absence of these proteins is caused by the defect in ribosomal biogenesis, we randomly chosen 30 of them to evaluate the transcriptional difference between Guy11 and the ΔMoyvh1 mutant in the conidia after 24 h incubation on a hydrophobic glass sheet. Among these genes, only three were significantly reduced in transcription (p < 0.01) (S10 Fig). In 70 identified proteins, 13 were associated with oxidoreducation (Fig 7G and S2 Table). Thus, the defect in scavenging host-derived ROS of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant was associated with the defect in the production of extracellular proteins.

Discussion

Virulence in the rice blast fungus M. oryzae is a multifaceted trait contributed by not only the complex circuitry in the pathogen side but also that of the host. In dissecting molecular events leading to virulence, we have previously characterized the dual specificity phosphatase MoYvh1 that shares sequence conservation and functional mechanisms to certain degree with S. cerevisiae Yvh1. Importantly, we found that MoYvh1 plays a role in not only growth, conidia formation, but also virulence in M. oryzae [4]. Here, we provided mechanistic evidence to show that MoYvh1 undergoes cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation in response to oxidative stress and that MoYvh1 affects ribosome maturation. Our findings reveal a novel link between ribosome biogenesis and fungal virulence that is mediated by MoYvh1.

In S. cerevisiae, Yvh1 is a shuttling protein that could remain in the nucleus if fused with a nuclear localization sequence [23,29]. Previous studies also found that Yvh1 binds with the pre-60S ribosome subunit to export it to the cytoplasm. Once arrives there, Yvh1 is released from the pre-ribosome following mature ribosomal protein P0 binding to the ribosomal stalk [23,24,30,31]. How Yvh1 is translocated into the nucleus remains unclear. Through studies of MoYvh1 here, we provided evidence that MoYvh1 exhibits similar nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling ability and that it functions through interactions with MoSsb1 and MoSsz1.

An unexpected finding is that the interaction between MoYvh1 and MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 differs from aerial hyphae to conidia and the infection stage (Fig 2, S2 and S11 Figs). Similar differentiated interactions were seen before. A BiFC assay showed that Pth11 and Rgs1 interacted in vivo during early pathogenesis but not during vegetative growth [32]. The interaction between MoCap1 and MoMac1 was weak during vegetative growth but was enhanced during appressorium formation [33]. In addition, Liu and colleagues showed that MoAtg4 interacts with MoAtg8 only under the nitrogen starvation condition [34]. In view of these findings, we hypothesized that 1) the interaction occurs only under oxidative stress, and 2) MoYvh1 and Hsp70s interactions are developmental stage specific. In agreement with these hypotheses, the YFP fluorescence signal was transferred to the nucleus only following treatment with 5 mM H2O2 (Fig 2C). Therefore, we concluded that MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 recruitments to MoYvh1 to facilitate its nuclear translocation upon oxidative stress during specific growth stages in M. oryzae. Further evidence showed that MoYvh1 is not accumulated in the nucleus when MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 are not interacted with MoYvh1 during the aerial hyphae (Fig 1B and S11 Fig). And also, deletion of MoSSB1 or MoSSZ1 which interdicted the interaction caused cytoplasmic-MoYvh1 not translocated into the nucleus even in the conidia and infection stages (Fig 2D, S4 and S7 Figs). These results further confirmed that the accumulation of MoYvh1 in the nucleus under oxidative stress is dependent on the interaction between MoSsb1 and MoSsz1. Upon the exposure to oxidative stress, MoYvh1 nuclear translocation is accelerated by its interaction with MoSsb1 or MoSsz1 during the conidial and infection stages. Since MoYvh1 still could be detected in the nucleus in the ΔMossb1 and ΔMossz1 mutants (S4 Fig), we postulated that additional translocation facilitators of MoYvh1 that are independent of oxidation stress may also exist.

We found that MoYvh1 and MoMrt4 bind with ribosomes in a competitive manner. To further examine the relationship between MoYvh1 and MoMrt4, we characterized the function of MoMrt4 by generating a ΔMomrt4 mutant, which is significantly attenuated in growth, conidia production, and pathogenicity. However, the lesions produced by the ΔMomrt4 mutant on rice leaves were fewer and smaller than those of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant. A DAB assay suggested that deletion of MoMRT4 did not affect the scavenging of ROS accumulated around the infection sites. Our analysis further suggested that MoYvh1 binds to pre-ribosomes and thereby helps to release MoMrt4. Thus, ribosome immaturity resulted in pathogenicity defects in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant but not the ΔMomrt4 mutant. The ribosome extract assay confirmed that cells continue to synthesize ribosomes in the absence of MoMrt4. This finding is consistent with studies in S. cerevisiae in which the deletion of MRT4 causes defects in growth but no blocking in ribosome synthesis [5,11,23,35].

M. oryzae secretes a wide array of factors into the host to facilitate invasion [26,36,37]. However, host plants have evolved to recognize these effectors and counteract by activating defense responses to limit pathogen spreading [38-41]. Small-molecule phytohormones, such as jasmonates, salicylic acid and brassinosteroids, play key roles in regulating this defense response [42-44]. Our recent findings showed that the scavenging of host-derived ROS at the infection site is important for virulence of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, as deletion of MoYVH1 causes virulence defect [4]. Consistent with the findings, the EF of the wild-type scavenges ROS accumulated around the sites of infection, in contrast to the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, where the restricted invasion is the result of ROS accumulation due to lack of extracellular proteins in EF. When treated with ROS, MoYvh1 in the cytoplasm is translocated into the nucleus causing an enhanced nuclear localization in both the conidia and invasion hyphae (Figs 2, 7C and 7D). In the mycelium, however, the cytoplasmic location pattern of MoYvh1 remained unchanged. These results suggested that the differential localization patterns of MoYvh1 might be developmentally regulated and it may be relevant to virulence. Since H2O2 stress blocks the formation of appressorium, the glass surface was not subjected to H2O2 stress allowing conidia to germinate, and under this condition MoYvh1 was present in both nucleus and cytoplasm (S8 Fig). Here, we found that the EF of non-induced Guy11 rescued the defects in invasion and ROS scavenging around the infected sites (Fig 7A and 7B), suggesting that original MoYvh1 in the nucleus (S8 Fig) without treatment regulated the ribosome maturation that provides abundant extracellular proteins to inhibit host-derived ROS. Under ROS stress, MoYvh1 in the cytoplasm translocates into the nucleus and accelerates ribosome synthesis to produce more extracellular proteins, which inhibits host-derived defense and promote infection.

Why does the wild-type EF suppress the defects of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant and does the EF contain necessary ribosome or other proteins? In S. cerevisiae, Rpp0 is loaded onto the 60S ribosome subunit to assemble the mature stalk [23,24]. In this study, deletion of MoYVH1 led to the separation of MoRpp0 from the ribosome, suggesting a ribosomal maturation defect in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant which would impair the production of proteins (Fig 5D). During the early stages of infection, M. oryzae secretes various extracellular proteins to suppress plant immunity for promoting colonization. Blockage of secreted protein synthesis due to immature ribosome in the ΔMoyvh1 mutant likely results in the defect in virulence. Indeed, we showed that EF from the wild type strain restored pathogenicity of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant when added to the conidia suspension (Fig 7A and 7C and S9 Fig). These findings indicated that MoYvh1 has a role in the production of EFs that inhibit rice immunity.

We therefore present a model for how MoYvh1 functions in growth, virulence, and host immune avoidance in M. oryzae (Fig 8). Our findings demonstrate that during M. oryzae infection, rice produces an ROS burst to suppress pathogen invasion. Under this stress, MoSsb1 and MoSsz1, together with MoYvh1, are translocated to the nucleus, where MoYvh1 has a role in ribosome maturation through the release of MoMrt4 from the pre-ribosome. Mature ribosomes promote EF synthesis and secretion to scavenge ROS and modulate the rice defense response. Our model reveals an important pathway by which M. oryzae recruits a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling phosphatase, MoYvh1, in response to host immune response. Further studies of MoYvh1-mediated response and the identification of EFs regulated by MoYvh1 would promote the understanding of M. oryzae pathogenesis mechanisms.

Fig 8

MoYvh1 controls ribosome maturation via the release of MoMrt4 to overcome host innate immunity.

A proposed schematic representation of how MoYvh1 desponds to host-derived ROS by nuclear translocation to regulate ribosome maturation through the release of MoMrt4. MoYvh1 and MoMrt4 regulate extracellular protein synthesis that have a role in the evasion of rice innate immunity.

Materials and methods

Strains and culture condition

M. oryzae Guy11 strain was used as the wild type in this study. All strains were cultured on complete medium (CM) agar plates for 3–15 days at 28°C [45]. Mycelia were harvested from liquid CM and used for DNA and RNA extractions. Protoplasts were prepared and transformed as described previously [46]. Transformants were selected on TB3 medium (3 g of yeast extract, 3 g of casamino acids, 200 g of sucrose, and 7.5 g of agar in 1 l of distilled water) with 300 μg/ml hygromycin B (Roche) or 200 μg/ml zeocin (Invitrogen).

Ribosomal protein extraction

Ribosomal proteins were extracted from mycelia as previously described [23]. Briefly, fungal strains were cultured on solid CM medium for 7 days at 28°C, and approximately 1 x 1 mm square of agar containing the culture was inoculated in liquid CM and grown for another 2 days. Mycelia were filtered through Miracloth, blotted dry, and ground into powder in liquid nitrogen with a mortar and a pestle. 5 g mycelium was mixed with 15 ml 1st extraction buffer I (0.1 M natrium aceticum, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl2 with 0.07% β-mercaptoethanol) and incubated at 4°C for 2 h. Samples were centrifuged at 5000 g for 30 min at 4°C and repeated once before discarding the pellets. The upper phase was centrifuged at 96000 g at 4°C for 2 h and the pellet were dissolved in 2nd extraction buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 6 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 0.1% NP-40, 1 mM PMSF, 1 μM leupeptin, and 1 μM pepstatin A). 2.5 ml of protein extracts were overlaid on 7.5 ml 1 M sucrose in 20 mM Tris, 8 mM MgCl2, and 100 mM KCl in 10 ml ultracentrifuge tubes (Beckman Coulter). Samples were centrifuged again at 96000 g at 4°C for 2 h. Finally, the pellets were dissolved in dissolution buffer (5 M Urea, 2 M Thiourea, 2% CHAPS, 2% SB3-10, 40 mM Tris, 5mM Mercaptoethanol).

Targeted gene disruption and the complementation

To generate the MoMRT4 gene replacement vector pCX62, approximately 1 kb upstream and downstream fragments were amplified with primer pairs (S1 Table). The resulting PCR products were ligated to the hygromycin resistance cassette released from pCX62, as previously described [25]. Putative mutants were screened by PCR and confirmed by Southern blotting analysis. To complement the ΔMomrt4 mutant, the DNA fragment containing the putative promoter and the coding sequence was amplified and inserted into pYF11 (bleomycin resistance) by homologous recombination in S. cerevisiae. Plasmids were extracted and introduced into Escherichia coli competent cells, and then the plasmids with correct inserts were introduced into protoplasts, as previously described [25].

Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assay

cDNA of MoYVH1, MoYVH1ΔC (the N-terminus), MoYVH1ΔN (the C-terminus), MoSSB1, MoSSZ1 and MoSSA1 was respectively amplified with Super Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Vazyme, Nanjing). Amplified products were cloned into pGBKT7 and pGADT7 vectors (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK), respectively. After sequence verification, they were introduced into yeast AH109 strain. Transformants grown on synthetic medium lacking leucine and tryptophan (SD–Leu–Trp) were transferred to synthetic medium lacking leucine, tryptophan and histidine (SD–Leu–Trp–His).

For BiFC assay, the MoYVH1-CYFP fusion construct was generated by cloning MoYVH1 into pHZ68 [47]. Similarly, MoSSB1-NYFP and MoSSZ1-NYFP fusion constructs were generated by cloning MoSSB1 and MoSSZ1 into pHZ65, respectively. Construct pairs of MoYVH1-CYFP, MoSSB1-NYFP and MoSSZ1-NYFP were introduced into the protoplasts of Guy11, respectively. Transformants resistant to both hygromycin and zeocin were isolated and confirmed by PCR.

Construction of MoYVH1 and MoYVH1

To generate MoYVH1 and MoYVH1 constructs, the 2.7 kb upstream fragment including the MoYVH1 native promoter, the 1.1 kb fragment from the start codon of the coding sequence (containing the Gly 69), and the 0.5 kb downstream fragment including the rest of the gene coding sequence (containing both of the Gly 69) were co-introduced with XhoI digested pYF11 into yeast strain XK1-25 [47,48]. Plasmid pYF11::MoYVH1 and pYF11::MoYVH1 were rescued from the resulting Trp+ yeast transformants.

Appressorium formation, plant infection, and rice sheath penetration assays

Conidial germination and appressorium formation were measured on a hydrophobic surface as previously described [49]. Appressorium induction and formation rates were obtained also as described previously [50,51].

For infection, conidia were harvested from 10-day-old SDC agar cultures, filtered, and resuspended to a concentration of 5 × 104 spores /ml in a 0.2% (w/v) gelatin solution. For the leaf assay, leaves from two-week-old seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa cv. CO39) and 7-day-old seedlings of barley were used for spray inoculation. For rice leaves, 5 ml of a conidial suspension of each treatment was sprayed. Inoculated plants were kept in a growth chamber at 25°C with 90% humidity and in the dark for the first 24 h, followed by a 12 h /12 h light /dark cycle. Lesion formation was observed daily and recorded by photography 7 days after inoculation [52,53].

HPLC analysis

Mycelia were harvested and ground into powder in liquid nitrogen. 1 mg mycelium was mixed with 20 μl 6% TCA solution, centrifuged (1700 g, 15 min), and top layers were collected. After washing twice with five volumes of anhydrous ether, pellets were collected and subjected to HPLC analysis using a programmable Agilent Technology zorbax 1200 series liquid chromatography. The solvent system consisted of methanol (90%): water (10%), at a flow rate of 1 ml /min. 0.1 mg/ml cAMP solution was eluted through the column (SB-C18, 5 μl, 4.6 × 250 mm) and detected at 259 nm UV. Samples were loaded through the column in turns.

Separation of nuclear proteins and cytoplasm proteins during infection stage

Conidia of indicated strains were harvested from 10-day-old SDC agar cultures, filtered, and resuspended to a concentration of 1 × 105 spores /ml in a 0.2% (w/v) gelatin solution. 4 ml of the suspension was sprayed onto rice leaves and harvested 24 hpi. 5 g of Leaves were ground into powder in liquid nitrogen. The powder was transferred to a 50 ml tube and mixed with 20 ml M1 buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 8.0),10 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM PMSF, 1 M NaCl, 0.07% β-mercaptoethanol and 0.4 M Sucrose) using a chilled spoon. After agitated the tube in ice box for 10 min. The suspensions were filtered through Miracloth (Calbiochem) into a 50 ml tube and the supernatants containing cytoplasmic proteins were collected following centrifugation at 1000 x g for 20 min at 4°C. Remove the supernatant for the cytoplasm protein. Five ml of M2 buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 8.0), 10 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM PMSF, 1 M NaCl, 0.07% β-mercaptoethanol, 0.25 M Sucrose and 1% TritonX-100) was added to the pellet portion, re-suspended, and tubes re-centrifuged at 12000 x g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was removed and the step was repeated 3 times. Finally, 300 μl Nuclei Lysis Buffer (P0013B, Beyotime Biotech) was added to the pellet and the suspension (nuclear proteins) was recovered.

Extraction and identification of extracellular fluid proteins

After 7 days cultivation, conidia were collected and suspended in 100 ml of distilled water in a concentration of 1 × 105 spores /ml. 50 ml of the conidia were centrifuged at 3600 g for 10 min to extract the protein for equalization of protein amounts. The rest of 50 ml of conidia were divided into 200 μl (1 x 105 spores/ml) and placed onto the hydrophobic glass sheet at 28°C for 24 h. Suspensions harvested from the hydrophobic glass sheet were centrifuged at 3600 g for 10 min and the supernatants were recovered. For HLPC-MS/MS analysis, a 100 μg protein suspension was harvested. The suspension was mixed with 2.5 μg trypsin for digestion at 37°C for 4 h. 2.5 μg trypsin was added again and incubated for another 8 h. The peptides were then dechlorinated by Strata X and separated by a 65 min gradient elution at a flow rate 300 nl/min with the LC-20AD nano-HPLC system (Shimadzu, Japan), which was directly interfaced with Q-Exactive mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Mobile phase A consists of 0.1% formic acid and 2% acetonitrile, and mobile phase B consists of 0.1% formic acid and 98% acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the DDA (data-dependent acquisition) mode and there was a single full-scan mass spectrum in the Orbitrap (350–1600 m/z, 70,000 resolution).

Statistical analysis

Results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of at least three repeats. The significant differences between samples were statistically evaluated by using SDs and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 2.0. The data between two different treatments were then compared statistically by ANOVA, followed by the F-test, if the ANOVA result is significant at P< 0.01.

MoYvh1 translocates into the nucleus in response to KO2 and hydroxyl radical.

(A) Fluorescence observation of conidia untreated (upper panels) and treated with 1.0 mg/ml KO2 and 50mM (-OH) which generated by Fe2SO4 and H2O2 for 1 h. Bar = 5 μm. (B) Fluorescence observation of mycelia untreated (upper panels) and treated with 1.0 mg/ml KO2 and 50mM (-OH) which generated by Fe2SO4 and H2O2 for 1 h. Bar = 5 μm.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

MoYvh1 interacts with MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 during infection.

(A) BiFC and (B) Co-IP assays for the interaction between MoYvh1 and Hsp70s show that only MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 interact with MoYvh1 during infection. YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Yeast two-hybrid analysis of interactions between various domains of MoYvh1 and Hsp70s proteins.

MoHsp70s (MoSsa1, MoSsb1 and MoSsz1) cDNA was inserted into the vector pGBKT7 and two truncated parts of MoYvh1 (MoYvh1ΔC and MoYvh1ΔN) were inserted into pGADT7. Yeast cells were grown on synthetic dextrose (SD) medium lacking leucine (Leu), tryptophan (Trp), His were investigated with positive and negative controls. Plates were incubated at 30°C for 3 days before being photographed.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Quantitative data of MoYvh1-GFP in ΔMossb1, ΔMossz1 and ΔMoyvh1 mutants during conidia stage.

(A) MoYvh1 enriched to the nucleus under oxidative stress in the complement strain. (B) MoYvh1 is not translocated to the nucleus when MoSSB1 is disrupted. (C) MoYvh1 is not translocated to the nucleus in the ΔMossz1. The intensity of MoYvh1 is compared between the sample treated with/without H2O2 among total proteins, nuclear proteins, and cytoplasmic proteins. Bars denote standard errors from three independent experiments. Asterisk indicates significant differences (Duncan’s new multiple range test p<0.01).

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

MoMrt4G69D and MoMrt4G69E suppress the defects in vegetative growth and cAMP levels of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant.

(A) Statistical analyses of the diameter of hypha of wild-type Guy11, the ΔMoyvh1 mutant, MoMRT4 and complemented mutant strains. Error bars represent the standard deviations and asterisks denote statistical significances (P<0.01) (B) Bar chart showing quantification of intracellular cAMP in the mycelia stage of all the indicated strains. The error bars represent SD of three replicates. Asterisk indicates significant differences (Duncan’s new multiple range method p<0.01). (C) Statistical analyses of the diameter of hypha of wild type, ΔMomrt4 and the complement strains. Error bars represent the standard deviations and asterisks denote statistical significances (P<0.01).

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Deletion of MoMRT4 did not cause the increased accumulation of ROS of M. oryzae.

DAB assays of Guy11, the ΔMomrt4 mutant, the complement strains on the rice sheath 30 h after inoculation. Bar = 5 μm.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Localization of MoYvh1 in the ΔMossb1 and ΔMossz1 mutants during infection.

Rice leaves were incubated with (A) ΔMssb1/MoYVH1-GFP and (B) ΔMossz1/MoYVH1-GFP strain for 30 h. Equal weight of rice leaves (LTH and K23) was divided into three parts for extraction of total, nuclear and cytoplasm proteins. Equal amounts of total, nuclear and cytoplasm proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and the presence of MoYvh1 was detected by Western blotting using anti-GFP. The intensities of Western blotting bands were quantified with the ODYSSEY infrared imaging system (application software Version 2.1). The intensity of MoYvh1 is compared between the cv. LTH and cv. K23 among total proteins, nuclear proteins, and cytoplasmic proteins. Bars denote standard errors from three independent experiments.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Localization of MoYvh1 during appressorium formation.

MoYvh1 was present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus during appressorium formation. Total proteins were extracted from the conidia and the appressorium of M. oryzae. The intensity of MoYvh1 is compared between the conidia without H2O2 treatment (Co) and appressorium (Ap) among total proteins, nuclear proteins, and cytoplasmic proteins. H1 (a nucleus marker) and Actin (a cytoplasm marker) was detected by Western blotting analysis using anti-RFP or anti-Actin antibodies. Bars denote standard errors from three independent experiments. Asterisk indicates significant differences (Duncan’s new multiple range test p<0.01).

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

The EF of Guy11 recovered the defects of ΔMoyvh1 in the pathogenicity on the rice cultivar.

Conidia of the ΔMoyvh1 mutant were collected with 5 ml of the EF or boiled EF of Guy11. The conidial suspensions of each treatment were dropped onto the detached rice leaves. “EF” represents the extracellular fluid. “BEF” represents the boiled extracellular fluid.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

RT-PCR quantification of selected genes.

(A), (B) and (C) RT-PCR quantification of indicated genes. The experiments were repeated three times and showed similar results. Error bars represent the SD and Asterisk indicates significant differences at P<0.01.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

MoYvh1 does not interact with MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 during vegetative growth.

(A) Co-IP assays for the interaction between MoYvh1 and the Hsp70s. Western blot analysis of total proteins (T) extracted from the mycelium of various transformants, suspension proteins (S) and elution proteins (E), and eluted from anti-GFP beads. The presence of MoYvh1, MoSsa1, MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 was detected with anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies, respectively. (B) BiFC assays for the interaction between MoYvh1 and the Hsp70s showed that MoSsa1, MoSsb1 and MoSsz1 did not interact with MoYvh1 during the vegetative growth stage. YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Primers used in this study.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.

Putative extracellular proteins which lack in the EFs of ΔMoyvh1 mutants.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.