A Comprehensive Review on Rasam: A South Indian Traditional Functional Food.

The view that food can have an expanded role that goes well beyond providing a source of nutrients truly applies to traditional functional foods. The systematic consumption of such traditional functional food provides an excellent preventive measure to ward off many diseases. Rasam, a soup of spices, is a traditional South Indian food. It is traditionally prepared using tamarind juice as a base, with the addition of Indian sesame oil, turmeric, tomato, chili pepper, pepper, garlic, cumin, curry leaves, mustard, coriander, asafoetida, sea salt, and water. Rasam is a classic example of traditional functional food with all its ingredients medicinally claimed for various ailments. The preclinical and clinical studies on rasam and its ingredients support their traditional claim. This review is an attempt to compile the literatures on rasam, its ingredients, and to highlight its medicinal potential that has been underestimated.

INTRODUCTION

Food is consumed in combinations, in relatively large, unmeasured quantities under highly socialized conditions. The view that food can have an expanded role that goes well beyond providing a source of nutrients truly applies to traditional functional foods. The systematic consumption of such traditional functional food provides an excellent preventive measure to ward off many diseases. At present, recommendations are warranted to support the consumption of foods rich in bio-active components, such as herbs and spices.[1] There is a tremendous interest and research in the health-promoting and protective properties of herbs and spices.[2] The real challenge lies not in proving whether the functional foods have health benefits, but in defining what these benefits are and developing the methods to expose them by scientific means. Also, it lies in investigating the bioactive properties of these functional foods beyond a nutritional context, whether or not such properties are evident at levels at which herbs and spices are consumed.[3] It is estimated that an adult in India consumes 80–200 mg/day of curcumin, the bioactive component of turmeric, and 50 g of garlic in a week.[14] Hence, there is a realistic possibility to reach a therapeutic dose by daily dietary consumption.

The current approach of drug discovery in phytopharmaceuticals is based on the so-called “one-molecule-one-target” paradigm due to the historical effects of morphine, quinine, digoxin, etc. Essentially, there need not be only a single active constituent for all the traditionally claimed herbs and spices. Each of them may possess >1 bioactive compound; there is also a possibility of synergy among them in their action. Recent researches have confirmed that the therapeutic effect may also be due to the synergistic effects of various constituents. Moreover, due to the multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease, drugs that hit >1 biological target may offer a better pharmacological approach by providing;[5]

Synergistic multi-target effect

Pharmacokinetic or physicochemical effects based on improved solubility, resorption rate, and enhanced bioavailability of one constituent over another, and

Respective elimination or neutralization of adverse effects of one constituent by the other contained in the food so that altogether a better effectiveness is achieved.

There is a need to understand traditional systems and visualize the future of medicine and health care. The linkage between “the past” and “the future” of medicine is much more important and can give us “new directions” for better understanding of health, disease, and possible solutions.[6] Rasam, a soup of spices, is a traditional South Indian food. This review is an attempt to compile the literatures on rasam, its ingredients, and to highlight its medicinal potential that has been underestimated.

TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD

Functional foods in the postmodern terms are defined as a food given an additional function (often one related to health promotion or disease prevention) by adding new ingredients or more of the existing ingredients.[7] Grajek et al., 2005,[8] states that functional foods comprise some bacterial strains and products of plant and animal origin containing physiologically active compounds beneficial for human health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The functional ingredients are as follows;

Probiotics and prebiotics

Dietary fiber

Omega-3-poly unsaturated fatty acids

Conjugated linoleic acid

Plant antioxidants

Vitamins and minerals

Some proteins, peptides, and amino acids

Phospholipids.

Foods introduced with a new ingredient[7] or a bacterial strain or containing the functional ingredients[8] may be a definition of functional foods but they are certainly not traditional functional foods. In fact, traditional functional foods are absolutely not medicines but usual diet that may have special disease prevention attributes and consumed as normal everyday diet. An ingredient of food that affects its host in a targeted manner to exert positive effect on health can be classified as a functional ingredient. A traditional food that naturally comprises one or more functional ingredients can be referred as traditional functional food.

INDIAN TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD

Our ancestors originally created different diets to survive after which they gradually enriched them through long empirical experiments using locally available food materials that therapeutically complement and supplement each other. The traditional food habits of each specific region of India are primarily a component of its culture. Indian culture has strongly suggested the role of diet in both preventive and therapeutic medicines. The curative effect of food is an established belief for many generations in India. These Indian traditional foods are based on the different indigenous systems of medicine which was the natural way of achieving physical and mental wellness, but their origin still remains unknown.

Epidemiological randomized clinical trials carried out in different countries have demonstrated numerous health effects related to functional food consumption such as reduction of cancer risk, improvement of heart health, stimulation of immune system, decrease of menopausal symptoms, improvement of gastrointestinal health, maintenance of urinary tract health, anti-inflammatory effects, reduction of blood pressure, maintenance of vision, antibacterial effect, antiviral effect, reduction of osteoporosis, and anti-obese effect.[9] It has been reported that the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer in Indian adults was indeed 4.4 times less than the same age group in the USA. The whole world realized that food plays a major role in disease prevention only in the 20th century, but ancient India seems to have realized the importance of food in health and wellness much ahead of time.

The functional ingredients in food play a key role in imparting beneficial physiological effects for improved health. The traditional Indian food is “functional” as it contains high amounts of dietary fiber (whole grains and vegetables), antioxidants (spices, fruits, and vegetables), and probiotics (curds and fermented batter products). Due to the chemical diversification of the ingredients, these Indian traditional foods exhibit synergistic effect. Indian traditional foods which are mainly based on plant products are very rich in natural dietary fiber and low fat which naturally reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. The health benefits thus derived may range from ensuring normal physiological functions in the body such as improving gastrointestinal health, enhancing the immune system, weight management, providing better skeletal health, reduction of blood cholesterol, decreasing oxidative stress, minimizing the risk of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and also possible prevention of diabetes.[10]

SPICES IN SOUTH INDIAN TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD

Traditional South Indian foods provide a perfect combination of proteins from legumes and coconut, carbohydrates from rice, fats both visible and invisible from curry and fried savory items, vitamins and minerals from sprouted grams, and vegetables which contain functional components such as β-carotene, Vitamins C and E, thiamine, tocopherol, and antioxidant compounds [Figure 1].[10]

Figure 1

Functional ingredients of South Indian traditional food

Spices play very important role in digestive function, and the Indian tradition has a long history of use of spice in food as medicines to prevent and treat diseases.[11] In the recent years, the scientific community has taken interest in understanding the values of traditionally used Indian spices because of their wide array of medicinal properties. Spices, which are used to enhance the flavor of a dish, form a vital part of South Indian traditional food preparation. The most commonly used spices in South Indian traditional foods are black pepper, coriander, black mustard, cumin, garlic, tamarind, turmeric, chili pepper, curry leaves, asafoetida, etc. Most of these spices are digestive stimulants; other uses are as mentioned below [Figure 2];

Figure 2

Summary of the multiple health effects of spices used in South Indian traditional food

Turmeric, asafoetida, and garlic have antimicrobial activities

Fenugreek, garlic, onion, and turmeric have antidiabetic activities

Garlic, onion, fenugreek, turmeric, and chili pepper have cholesterol-lowering activities

Turmeric, garlic, onion, chili pepper, and fenugreek have anti-lithogenic activities

Turmeric, garlic, and ginger have anticancer activities

Turmeric, clove, garlic, onion, and chili pepper have antioxidant activities

Turmeric, chili pepper, and garlic have anti-inflammatory activities.

The credit for identifying the spices with medicinal and culinary values goes to Siddha and Ayurveda system of Indian medicines. The South Indian traditional foods are based on Siddha system of medicine, which in natural way aims in achieving physical and mental wellness.

ROLE OF SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE IN SOUTH INDIAN TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD

Siddha, a system of traditional medicine, originated in ancient Thamilakam in South India.[12] The Siddha system is based on a combination of ancient medicinal practices and spiritual disciplines as well as alchemy and mysticism. Its origin goes back to 10,000–4000 BCE.

“Unavae marunthu” (meaning “food is medicine”) is a classical and extraordinary discovery of Siddha system of medicine. In the modern literatures, the same quote “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food” is attributed to Hippocrates. However, the concept of “Unavae marunthu” is at least 3500 years before Hippocrates (460–370 BCE). Currently, the same old concept of “Unavae marunthu” is re-researched as functional foods. The postmodern “preventive medicine” concept of the Western medicine has absolutely recognized that food plays an important role in the incidence of many diseases. Dietary choice remains the basis for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and well-being, especially relating to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, some cancers, circulatory diseases, and stroke, despite remarkable advances in medicine and pharmaceutical drug development.[1314]

Rasam

Rasam is a very popular South Indian traditional soup. It is consumed on a daily basis in every South Indian home. It is also called rasam or chaaru or saaru in South Indian languages, namely, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Kannada. In Sanskrit, rasam means “the essential products of digestion.”[15] South Indian traditional food, which is largely nongreasy, consists of cooked rice usually served with sambar, rasam, dry and/or curried vegetables, and curd. Rasam is mostly eaten with rice and rarely separate as a spicy soup. In a traditional South Indian meal, it is preceded by a sambar rice course and is followed by curd rice. Rasam is traditionally prepared using tamarind juice as a base, with a variety of spices which are considered to be good for health and improving the digestion.[16] The strong blended flavor of spices used in rasam preparation makes it unique in taste and flavor. The main spices used in rasam preparation are coriander, garlic, curry leaves, tamarind, cumin, black pepper, mustard, turmeric, red chili, and asafoetida.[17] Rasam is the spiciest soup and the thick orange liquid delivers layers of flavor that nourish and heal.[18] South Indian meals with rasam show higher moisture and nutrient content compared to Maharashtrian meals.[19]

Rasam can be regarded as a classic example of an ideal recipe subscribing to the principles laid by Indian system of medicines such as Ayurveda and Siddha [Table 1].[11] It is traditionally prepared using tamarind juice as a base, with the addition of various spices [Table 2]. Rasam is used as an appetizer,[20] and there are different types of rasam based on the permutation and combination of its constituent spices.[21] Some types of rasam are listed with its main ingredients prepared in Tamil Nadu [Table 3].[2223]

Table 1

Properties, explanation, and the significance of rasam

Table 2

Biological source of the ingredients and its quantity used in the preparation of rasam

Table 3

Different types of rasam prepared in Tamil Nadu

Antipyretic activity

In South India, rasam is considered an effective home remedy for cold.[24] Sanmugam and Kasinathan, 2011, have reported that rasam can be used as an antidote for flu or fever.[25] Tribal families of Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, consume rasam for the treatment of fever, common cold, and diarrhea.[26] Devi and Priyadharshini, 2014, have reported that rasam is traditionally used for the treatment of cold, cough, and diabetes.[27]

Hypoglycemic activity

Mani et al., 1997, have reported that the glycemic index and the triacylglycerol response in ninety normal volunteers after South Indian meals with rasam significantly controlled diabetes.[28] Banerjee, 2004, has reported that green pea and tomato rasam play a major role in controlling diabetes.[29] Bolla et al., 2015, have reported that South Indian diet with rasam everyday showed a significant reduction in the blood sugar levels of forty volunteers between 30 and 60 years.[30]

Treatment of anemia

Rani and Paulraj, 2013, have reported that blood iron profile – hemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, and unsaturated iron-binding capacity – in anemic patients was greatly influenced by dietary intervention with the functional food Spirulina incorporated in rasam.[31] Mamatha and Prakash, 2016, have reported that >70% of iron was bio-accessible, in comparison to 30%–37% in controls when iron-fortified tamarind-based rasam was administered.[32] Salau and Hasan, 2014, have studied major and trace elements in rasam and reported that rasam can be exploited for health maintenance, remedy, and even cure for mineral deficiency diseases.[33]

For better lactation

Rajan et al., 2001, have reported that rasam is given daily in the evening to nursing mothers for inducing more secretion of milk.[34] Rao et al., 2006, have reported that rasam is one of the daily preferred food items during pregnancy and after delivery among the tribals of north coastal Andhra Pradesh.[35]

Antimicrobial activity

A significant antimicrobial activity of rasam against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli has been reported.[36]

Laxative

Swapna, 2015, has reported that Yanadi tribe of Kavali, Andhra Pradesh, use rasam as a laxative.[37]

General health improvement

Priyadharshini and Sowmya, 2012, have reported that there was a significant improvement in the performance level of female football players after the administration of the pregame meal for lunch with rasam every day for a week.[38] Nayak and Shalini, 2013, have reported that a 10-year-old female child suffering from chicken pox recovered after 21 days by providing only traditional food along with horse gram rasam.[39] Suri et al., 2006, have reported that cheap high-calorie diet like rasam can be consumed to manage major burns and also to decrease morbidity.[40]

INGREDIENTS OF RASAM

Tamarind

Tamarind fruit pulp is edible and is known to be simultaneously the most acidic and sweetest fruit. The sweet acidic taste is due to a combination of high contents of tartaric acid and reducing sugars. According to the World Health Organization report, tamarind fruit is an ideal source of all essential amino acids except tryptophan.[41] The fruit pulp is used for seasoning, as a food component, to flavor confections, curries, and sauces, and is a main component in juices and certain beverages.[42]

Throughout Southeast Asia, the fruit of the tamarind is used as a poultice applied to foreheads of fever sufferers.[43] Tamarind fruit exhibits laxative effects due to its high quantities of malic acid, tartaric acid, and potassium bitartrate. Its use for the relief of constipation has been documented throughout the world including Thailand, Southwest Africa, and Madagascar.[4445] Parthasarathy et al., 2008, and De Caluwe et al., 2010, have reported that tamarind fruit pulp has digestive, hepatic tonic, anti-inflammatory, corneal wound healing, antioxidant, and moluscicidal properties.[2446] The fruit pulp contains 44.4% of furan derivatives and 38.3% of carboxylic acid derivatives such as tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid.[474849] It also shows the presence of high amounts of ascorbic acid, β-carotene, lactic acid, Vitamin B1, B3, amino acids, invert sugar (25%–30%), pectin, pyrazines, and some fragrant thiazoles.[505152] The fruit pulp also contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and phlobatannins.[4853] Nutritional content of tamarind fruit pulp per 120 g is mentioned in Table 4.[5455]

Table 4

Nutritional values of tamarind, turmeric, and tomato

Turmeric

Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes. The Indian traditional medicine, Siddha, has recommended turmeric for medicine. Turmeric has been used as an attempted treatment for a variety of internal disorders, such as indigestion, throat infections, common colds, or liver ailments, as well as topically to cleanse wounds or treat skin sores[56] Itokawa et al., 2008, and Parthasarathy et al., 2008, have reported that turmeric possesses antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties, in addition to its use in cardiovascular disease, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic effect, antithrombotic effect, hepatoprotective effect, and gastrointestinal disorders.[2457]

Ground turmeric is a powder obtained by disc-type attrition mills to obtain 60–80 mesh powder for use in various end products. The most important chemical components of turmeric are a group of compounds called curcuminoids, which include curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The best-studied compound is curcumin, which constitutes 3.14% (on average) of powdered turmeric.[58] In addition, other important volatile oils include turmerone, atlantone, and zingiberene. Some general constituents are sugars, proteins, and resins.[59] Nutritional content of turmeric powder per 100 g is mentioned in Table 4.[60]

Tomato

Tomato contains β-carotene, a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids) and lycopene, a bright red carotene pigment. Druesne-Pecollo et al., 2010, have concluded that supplementation with β-carotene does not appear to decrease the risk of neither cancers overall nor specific cancers including pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, breast, melanoma, or skin cancer generally.[61] Moreover, β-carotene is unstable in cigarette smoke-exposed lungs where it forms oxidized metabolites that can induce carcinogen-bioactivating enzymes.[62] Hence, medical authorities generally recommend obtaining β-carotene from food like tomato rather than dietary supplements.[63] Lycopene as dietary supplement or from tomatoes has been tested in humans for cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, there is no conclusive evidence to conclude that lycopene had an effect on any disease.[646566] Nutritional content of tomato per 100 g is mentioned in Table 4.[67]

Chili pepper

The Aztecs used chili pungency to relieve toothache. Chili peppers have also exhibited antioxidant, anticancer, and aflatoxigenic activities.[24] Capsaicin, an active component of chili peppers, is used as an analgesic in topical ointments, nasal sprays, and dermal patches to relieve pain typically in concentrations between 0.025% and 0.1%. It may be applied in cream form for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with arthritis, backache, strains, and sprains, and often in compounds with other rubefacients. It is also used to reduce the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy such as postherpetic neuralgia caused by shingles.[68] The color of chili spice powder is due to the presence of red-pigmented carotenoids. The main pigments are capsanthin, capsorubin, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin. Nutritional content of chili peppers per 100 g is mentioned in Table 5.[69]

Table 5

Nutritional values of chili pepper, cumin, and garlic

Cumin

Cumin is used in the cuisines of many different cultures, in both whole and ground forms. It is used as a spice for its distinctive flavor and aroma. It is used mainly as a seasoning in curry powders, soups, stews, sausages, cheeses, pickles, meats, and chutneys.[70] In the Siddha system of medicine, dried cumin seeds are believed to have medicinal purposes, it is used internally and sometimes for external applications also. In South Indian states, such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu, a popular drink called jeera water is made by boiling cumin seeds. It is used as a stimulant, an antispasmodic, and a carminative. Cumin seeds are widely used for the treatment of dyspepsia, diarrhea, and jaundice.[71] Dietary cumin seeds have showed marked hypoglycemic response in diabetic rats.[72] Parthasarathy et al., 2008, have reported that cumin has myriad physiological effects, such as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, iron source, chemoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitor activities.[24] Cumin's distinctive flavor is due to its essential oil content. Cuminaldehyde, cymene, cuminic alcohol, and terpenoids are the major volatile components of cumin.[73] Nutritional content of cumin fruit per 100 g is mentioned in Table 5.[74]

Garlic

The garlic bulb is normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) and/or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. Fresh or crushed garlic yields the sulfur-containing compounds such as alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithiins, and S-allylcysteine. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic.

Allicin is part of a defense mechanism against attacks by pests on the garlic plant.[75] The allicin generated is unstable and quickly changes into a series of other sulfur-containing compounds such as diallyl disulfide. They also contain saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds.

Garlic was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World Wars I and II. Garlic reduces platelet aggregation, hence people taking anticoagulant medication are cautioned about consuming garlic.[76] In a clinical trial, a daily high dose of extracted allicin (20 times the amount in a garlic clove) showed effectiveness to prevent the common cold.[77] Iyer et al., 2009, and Banerjee et al., 2002, have reported that garlic bulbs decrease blood pressure, glucose concentration, and the risk of atherosclerosis.[7879] They have also reported the bulbs for antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects. Ajoene is an organo-sulfur compound found in garlic, which blocks the integrin-dependent processes in the infected cell system of a human immunodeficiency virus.[80] Ajoene has been investigated as an antileukemia agent for acute myeloid leukemia therapy.[818283] Nutritional content of garlic bulb per 100 g is mentioned in Table 5.[84]

Black pepper

Various sources from the 5th CE onward recommended black pepper to treat eye problems, often by applying salves or poultices made with pepper directly to the eye. However, there is no current medical evidence that any of these treatments has any benefit. Black pepper cures several illnesses, such as constipation, insomnia, oral abscesses, sunburn, and toothaches. It is an important healthy food owing to its antioxidant, anti-obesity, gastroprotective, anticancer, and antimicrobial potential.[85] As a natural medicinal agent, black pepper has been credited for relieving arthritis, nausea, fever, migraine headaches, poor digestion, strep throat, and even coma.[868788] It has also been used in some forms of traditional medicine as an insecticide.[24] Piperine is under study for a variety of possible physiological effects,[89] although this work is preliminary, and mechanisms of activity for piperine in the human body remain unknown. Piperine increases the absorption of selenium, Vitamin B12, β-carotene, and curcumin, as well as other compounds. Piperine is shown to possess bioavailability-enhancing activity with various structurally and therapeutically diverse drugs.[90] Black pepper contains piperine between 4.6% and 9.7%. Piperine, along with its isomer chavicine, is the alkaloid responsible for the pungency of black pepper. It also contains amides, piperidines, pyrrolidines, and trace amounts of safrole.[91] Nutritional content of black pepper drupe per 100 g is mentioned in Table 6.[9293]

Table 6

Nutritional values of black pepper, black mustard, and coriander

Indian sesame oil

Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. There are many variations in the color of sesame oil: cold-pressed sesame oil is pale yellow, while Indian sesame oil (gingelly or til oil) is golden and East Asian sesame oils are commonly dark brown. This dark color and flavor are derived from roasted/toasted sesame seeds. Cold-pressed sesame oil has a different flavor than the toasted oil, since it is produced directly from raw, rather than toasted, seeds. In Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine, sesame oil (til oil) is used for massaging as it is believed to rid the body's heat due to its viscous nature upon rubbing. It is used for hair and scalp massage. It is also used in many cosmetic applications, including as carrier oil.[94] Sesame oil is composed of the following fatty acids: linoleic acid (41% of total), oleic acid (39%), palmitic acid (8%), stearic acid (5%), and others in small amounts.[95]

Black mustard

Black mustard has shown hypoglycemic effect in rats,[96] and its mucilage has improved postprandial glucose concentrations and insulinemia in rats.[97] Nutritional content of black mustard seed per 100 g is mentioned in Table 6.[98]

Curry leaves

These leaves are used in many dishes in India, Sri Lanka, and neighboring countries, often used in curries for flavor, hence these leaves are generally called by the name “curry leaves.”[99] They are aromatic, slightly bitter, acrid, cooling, and weakly acidic in taste. Leaves are also used in treating scabies, wounds, hypertension, pimples, rashes, itching, constipation, liver disorders, and weight loss. The leaves stimulate digestive enzymes and are a good remedy for nausea and indigestion. The leaves are also good for hair growth and color.[100] Curry leaves have been reported for hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and antipyretic activities.[96101] Traditionally, the leaves are advocated for diabetes. Feeding the leaves to rats produced hypoglycemia by increasing the hepatic glycogenesis as evident by an increased activity of glycogen synthetase.[96101] Sujatha and Srinivas, 1995, have reported that adding fresh curry leaves in the diet of Albino rats showed an alteration in peroxidation level to a beneficial extent.[102] Shah and Juvekar, 2010, have reported that oral administration of the aqueous extract of curry leaves at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly enhanced the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced by ovalbumin.[103]

Alkaloids are found in curry leaves, stems, and seeds which include mahanimbine, girinimbine, koenimbine, and mahanine. Numerous carbazole alkaloids have also been reported from leaves. Leaves also contain lutein, a-tocopherol, and carotene.[101] Mature leaves contain 63.2% moisture, 1.15% total nitrogen, 6.15% fat, 18.92% total sugars, 14.6% starch, 6.8% crude fiber, 13.06% ash, 1.35% acid-insoluble ash, 1.82% alcohol-soluble extractive, 27.33% cold water (20°C) extractive, and a maximum of hot water-soluble extractive 33.45%.[104] The leaf extract of curry leaves has been reported to contain moisture (66.3%), protein (1%), fat (1%), carbohydrate (16%), fiber (6.4%), and mineral matter (4.2%). The main minerals per 100 g of leaves are calcium (810 mg), phosphorus (600 mg), and iron (2.1 mg). The vitamins in the leaves are carotene (12,600 IU), nicotinic acid (2.3 mg), and Vitamin C (4 mg). The extract also contains oxalic acid, which also reduces the availability of calcium. They also contain total oxalate (1.352%) and soluble oxalate (1.155%). More importantly, nearly zero fat (0.1 g/100 g) is found in curry leaves.[24]

Coriander leaves

Fresh leaves are traditionally used in cooking throughout the world. Chopped coriander leaves are a garnish on many Indian dishes. The leaf improves digestion and assimilation, particularly in those who do not digest food well or have chronic ill health. The leaves also increase dieresis.[105] Coriander leaf also has shown antioxidant and antiplatelet activities.[106107] Nutritional content of leaves per 100 g is mentioned in Table 6.[108]

Asafoetida

This spice is used as a digestive aid, in treating stomach ache, has antiflatulent and antimicrobial activities, and as a remedy for asthma and bronchitis.[109110111112] Asafoetida contains about 40%–64% resin, 25% endogeneous gum, 10%–17% volatile oil, and 1.5%–10% ash. The resin portion contains asaresinotannols “A” and “B,” ferulic acid, and umbelliferone.[113]

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Rasam is a classic example of traditional functional food with all its ingredients medicinally claimed for various ailments. Moreover, the processing in the formulation of rasam involves heating the spices in water and oil. This processing provides tremendous opportunity for a completely altered/different chemical composition of the finally formulated rasam. Loss of active principles or synergetic effect or breakdown of inactive metabolite to an active one or formation of new chemical entities (NCEs) is a real possibility. Moreover, a better understanding of chemistry of constituents during traditional formulation processes will provide the following;

New leads based on structure–activity relationship studies of chemical constituents

Interesting leads can be obtained on the novel chemical structure of NCEs from the formulation

Possibility of deriving new knowledge on the mechanism of action, which in turn may help in better understanding of the etiopathogenesis and the course of diseases

Interactions between chemical constituents of different ingredients will provide unique combination for studying interaction between organic and inorganic constituents.

Traditional functional foods can help prevent chronic disease or optimize health, therefore reducing health-care costs and improving the quality of life. A study on rasam, which is being consumed from time immemorial, is only an approach of “drug rediscovery.” In view of all the above facts, rasam should be extensively explored with the modern scientific approaches to identify its physiological actions beyond culinary and nutritional effects.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.