See Ling Loy1,2, Poh Hui Wee3, Marjorelee T Colega4, Yin Bun Cheung5,6, Izzuddin M Aris4, Jerry Kok Yen Chan1,2, Keith M Godfrey7,8, Peter D Gluckman4,9, Kok Hian Tan10, Lynette Pei-Chi Shek11,12, Yap-Seng Chong4,13, Padmapriya Natarajan13, Falk Müller-Riemenschneider14,15, Ngee Lek3,2, Victor Samuel Rajadurai16, Mya-Thway Tint11,13, Yung Seng Lee17,11,12, Mary Foong-Fong Chong18,4,14, Fabian Yap19,2,20. 1. Departments of Reproductive Medicine. 2. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore. 3. Paediatrics. 4. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore. 5. Center for Quantitative Medicine. 6. Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 7. Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. 8. National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom. 9. Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 10. Maternal Fetal Medicine, and. 11. Departments of Paediatrics and. 12. Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore. 13. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and. 14. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 15. Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charite University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany; and. 16. Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 17. Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine and. 18. Clinical Nutrition Research Centre. 19. Paediatrics, fabian.yap.k.p@singhealth.com.sg. 20. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Abstract
Background: Synchrony between daily feeding-fasting signals and circadian rhythms has been shown to improve metabolic health in animals and adult humans, but the potential programming effect on fetal growth is unknown.Objective: We examined the associations of the maternal night-fasting interval during pregnancy with offspring birth size and adiposity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of mother-offspring dyads within the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. For 384 mothers aged 30.8 ± 4.8 y (mean ± SD), the night-fasting interval at 26-28 wk of gestation was determined from a 3-d food diary based on the average of the fasting duration at night (1900-0659). Offspring birth weight, length, and head circumference were measured and converted to weight-for-gestational age (GA), length-for-GA, and head circumference-for-GA z scores, respectively, by using local customized percentile charts. The percentage of neonatal total body fat (TBF) was derived by using a validated prediction equation. Multivariable general linear models, stratified by child sex, were performed. Results: The mean ± SD maternal night-fasting interval was 9.9 ± 1.3 h. In infant girls, each 1-h increase in the maternal night-fasting interval was associated with a 0.22-SD (95% CI: 0.05-, 0.40-SD; P = 0.013) increase in birth head circumference-for-GA and a 0.84% (95% CI: 0.19%, 1.49%; P = 0.012) increase in TBF at birth, after adjustment for confounders. In infant boys, no associations were observed between the maternal night-fasting interval and birth size or TBF.Conclusions: An increased maternal night-fasting interval in the late second trimester of pregnancy is associated with increased birth head circumference and TBF in girls but not boys. Our findings are in accordance with previous observations that suggest that there are sex-specific responses in fetal brain growth and adiposity, and raise the possibility of the maternal night-fasting interval as an underlying influence. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
Background: Synchrony between daily feeding-fasting signals and circadian rhythms has been shown to improve metabolic health in animals and adult humans, but the potential programming effect on fetal growth is unknown.Objective: We examined the associations of the maternal night-fasting interval during pregnancy with offspring birth size and adiposity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of mother-offspring dyads within the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. For 384 mothers aged 30.8 ± 4.8 y (mean ± SD), the night-fasting interval at 26-28 wk of gestation was determined from a 3-d food diary based on the average of the fasting duration at night (1900-0659). Offspring birth weight, length, and head circumference were measured and converted to weight-for-gestational age (GA), length-for-GA, and head circumference-for-GA z scores, respectively, by using local customized percentile charts. The percentage of neonatal total body fat (TBF) was derived by using a validated prediction equation. Multivariable general linear models, stratified by child sex, were performed. Results: The mean ± SD maternal night-fasting interval was 9.9 ± 1.3 h. In infantgirls, each 1-h increase in the maternal night-fasting interval was associated with a 0.22-SD (95% CI: 0.05-, 0.40-SD; P = 0.013) increase in birth head circumference-for-GA and a 0.84% (95% CI: 0.19%, 1.49%; P = 0.012) increase in TBF at birth, after adjustment for confounders. In infantboys, no associations were observed between the maternal night-fasting interval and birth size or TBF.Conclusions: An increased maternal night-fasting interval in the late second trimester of pregnancy is associated with increased birth head circumference and TBF in girls but not boys. Our findings are in accordance with previous observations that suggest that there are sex-specific responses in fetal brain growth and adiposity, and raise the possibility of the maternal night-fasting interval as an underlying influence. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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